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asymmetric in-plane laminates

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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002478
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
.... Composite laminates are constructed from lamina with uniaxial fiber orientation and frequently from textile fabrics as well. The article explains the characteristics of symmetric in-plane and through-thickness laminates; asymmetric in-plane and symmetric through-thickness laminates; asymmetric laminates...
Image
Published: 01 January 1997
Fig. 12 Shape stability of right-angle laminates after cool-down from cure. All laminates are 90° before cure. (a) Symmetric laminate. The shrinkage in the matrix upon resin curing and the difference in coefficients of thermal expansion in-plane and through-plane cause a right angle to become More
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003044
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... and a matrix phase is treated as a homogeneous, orthotropic material. In addition, laminate modeling assumes that plies are in a state of plane stress. Stress-Strain Relationships for an Orthotropic Material Development of stress-strain relationships for an orthotropic material requires the definition...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003443
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... by Shear Loading D 3479 Standard Test Method for Tension-Tension Fatigue of Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials D 3518/D 3518M Standard Practice for In-Plane Shear Response of Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials by Tensile Test of a ±45° Laminate D 3846 Test Method for In-Plane Shear Strength...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003378
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... 32 E 3 It has been common practice in the analysis of laminates to use engineering shear strains rather than tensor shear strains. Thus, the factor of 2 has been introduced into the stress-strain relations of Eq 2 . The most important state of stress in a lamina is plane...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003330
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... for composites. The properties reduced from tension tests on composite materials are effective (averaged) properties. The test method applies to unidirectional composites but can also be performed on laminates, woven fabrics, or discontinuous fiber composites. For asymmetric and/or unbalanced laminates...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003383
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... ). All the plates discussed here are midplane symmetric, which eliminates bending-stretching coupling. It is, however, possible to include this effect in the analysis if asymmetrical laminates are used. The first ten modes of vibration of a typical plate can be adequately described by using a coarse...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003236
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
..., cracks, segregations, seams, flakes, pipe Rolled products—laminations, inclusions, tears, seams, cracks Castings—slag, porosity, cold shuts, tears, shrinkage cracks, inclusions Service-induced flaws: fatigue cracks, corrosion, erosion, stress-corrosion cracks Angle-beam, contact-type...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003436
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
..., and brittle matrix. These defects include delaminations, matrix cracking, fiber fracture, fiber pullout, and impact damage. Table 1 shows some of the defects that may appear in composite laminates and their effect on the structural performance. While the emphasis of most practical nondestructive evaluation...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003262
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
..., strips, bars, and rods are bent in three-point or four-point bending modes. The basic assumptions of the simple-beam theory for pure elastic bending (shear force = 0) are: (a) all sections that are initially plane and perpendicular to the axis of the beam remain plane and perpendicular to it after...
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.9781627082006
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006473
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006478
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
..., matrix cracking, fiber fracture, fiber pullout, and impact damage. Table 1 shows some of the defects that may appear in composite laminates and their effect on the structural performance. While the emphasis of most practical nondestructive evaluation (NDE) is on detection of delaminations, porosity...
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003068
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... in of the lamination planes and perpendicular to the lami- allyl resins. A family of thermoset resins made by the absence of air after being confined between assem- nation. addition polymerization of compounds containing the bled parts. anneal. To prevent or remove objectionable stresses group CH2:CH-CH2...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006880
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
..., particularly in the direction of fracture propagation. An example of cleavage along crystallographic planes is observed in the fracture of sapphire transparent panels shown in Fig. 8 . The top images show the typical fracture surface observed in a bend test of glass, with hackles fading into the relatively...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.9781627081900
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005161
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... in which plates, strips, bars, and rods are bent in three-point or four-point bending modes. The basic assumptions of the simple-beam theory for pure elastic bending (shear force=0) are: (a) all sections that are initially plane and perpendicular to the axis of the beam remain plane and perpendicular...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005144
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... 200 to 225 °C (390 to 435 °F) has been described ( Ref 3 ). The temperature at which plasticity increases depends on the metal alloy being used ( Ref 3 ). The plasticity of pure magnesium increases at a temperature of 225 °C (435 °F). Studies report that slip happens basically in the basal plane...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003255
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... and/or twinning. Slip occurs via the motion of dislocations on close-packed planes and in close-packed directions, whereas twinning occurs via the cooperative movement of atoms producing a macroscopic shear. In slip, the combination of slip planes and directions are known as slip systems. The most common slip...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006469
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... to an imaginary cross section through the test piece, where both front and back surfaces are shown in profile. Indications from reflecting interfaces within the test piece also are shown in profile, and the position, orientation, and depth of such interfaces along the imaginary cutting plane are revealed. When...