This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of sulfur concrete and asphalt and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the crystal morphology, noninterconnecting voids, and microvoids of these surfaces.

Bitumen for coating usage can best be categorized as two fundamental but very different types: asphalts and coal tars. This article provides a detailed discussion on asphalt and coal tar hot-melt applications; asphalt and coal tar emulsions; asphalt and coal tar cutbacks; and coal tar epoxies. It reviews the similarities between asphaltic and coal tar coatings and discusses the health and environmental concerns of these materials.

This article is an informative primer on sealants and the role they play in engineered assemblies. It discusses the physical, thermal, chemical, and electrical properties of sealant materials and the various forms in which they are applied, including liquids, pastes, and extruded tapes. It also describes classifications and types, comparing and contrasting sealants made from oil-based caulks, asphalts, coal tar resins, latex acrylic sealants, polyvinyl acetate caulks, solvent acrylics, butyl sealants, polysulfides, polyurethanes, modified silicones, anaerobics, vinyl plastisols, and polypropylenes. In addition, the article provides practical design insight, addressing application requirements, seal configurations, and joint stresses. It concludes with a brief discussion on the use of sealants in aerospace, automotive, electrical, and construction applications.

This article describes the mechanisms of differential corrosion cells corrosion, microbiologically influenced corrosion, and stray direct current corrosion. It discusses the most common causes and contributing factors for corrosion and stress-corrosion cracking, as well as prevention, mitigation, detection, and repair processes.

This article discusses the coating systems categorized by the generic type of binder or resin and grouped according to the curing or hardening mechanism inherent within that generic type. It focuses on the properties, advantages, and limitations of various autooxidative cross-linked resins, thermoplastic resins, and cross-linked thermosetting resins. The autooxidative cross-linked resins include alkyd resins and epoxy esters. The article examines the two types of coatings based on thermoplastic resins: those deposited by evaporation of a solvent, commonly called lacquers, and those deposited by evaporation of water, a class of coatings called water-borne coatings. The coatings that chemically cross link by copolymerization, including epoxies, unsaturated polyesters, urethanes, high-temperature curing silicones, and phenolic linings, are also described.

This article reviews the various substrates for coatings, namely, steel, cast iron, galvanized steel, aluminum, stainless steel, nonferrous metals, concrete, and wood. General guidance for surface preparation and coating selection is provided along with unique requirements for the particular substrate(s).

Coating of cast irons is done to improve appearance and resistance to degradation due to corrosion, erosion, and wear. This article describes inorganic coating methods commonly applied to cast irons. The coating methods include plating, hot dip coating, conversion coating, diffusion coating, cladding, porcelain enameling, and thermal spray. Organic coatings have a wide variety of properties, but their primary use is for corrosion resistance combined with a pleasing colored appearance. The article discusses the various types of organic coatings applied to cast irons. Practically any degree of smoothness or roughness and requirement for color and gloss can be filled by organic coatings. The article describes abrasive blast cleaning, abrasive waterjet cleaning and finishing, vibratory finishing, barrel finishing, and shot peening for processing iron castings.

This article provides an overview of how fractographs in this Atlas are organized and presented. It contains a table that lists the distribution content of illustrations for various materials discussed in the Atlas. The causes of fractures for various ferrous and nonferrous alloys and engineered materials are also illustrated.

Inorganic chemical-setting ceramic linings are one of the most widely used construction materials in designing the protective linings for industrial installations. Monolithic linings can be applied by cast or gunite (shotcreting) methods over steel or concrete as well as brick and mortar masonry. This article provides a discussion on the function of monolithic linings, the advantages of these materials, the types of applications in which these materials can be successfully used, and the limitations of these linings. It describes the application procedures that should be followed to ensure proper installation of a dual-lining system. The industrial applications that illustrate the corrosion resistance and some uses of monolithic linings, as well as other applications in wastewater treatment systems and the chemical industry, are discussed.

This article provides an overview of the electrochemical nature of corrosion and analyzes corrosion-related failures. It describes corrosion failure analysis and discusses corrective and preventive approaches to mitigate corrosion-related failures of metals. These include: change in the environment; change in the alloy or heat treatment; change in design; use of galvanic protection; use of inhibitors; use of nonmetallic coatings and liners; application of metallic coatings; use of surface treatments, thermal spray, or other surface modifications; corrosion monitoring; and preventive maintenance.

This article describes the coating materials, surface-preparation requirements, and application techniques used to protect underground pipelines. It provides a valuable insight into the types of polymer-based coatings that are both cost-effective and widely accepted in the pipeline industry.

Cemented carbides belong to a class of hard, wear-resistant, refractory materials in which the hard carbide particles are bound together, or cemented, by a soft and ductile metal binder. The performance of cemented carbide as a cutting tool lies between that of tool steel and cermets. Almost 50% of the total production of cemented carbides is used for nonmetal cutting applications. Their properties also make them appropriate materials for structural components, including plungers, boring bars, powder compacting dies and punches, high-pressure dies and punches, and pulverizing hammers. This article discusses the manufacture, microstructure, composition, classifications, and physical and mechanical properties of cemented carbides, as well as their machining and nonmachining applications. It examines the relationship between the workpiece material, cutting tool and operational parameters, and provides suggestions to simplify the choice of cutting tool for a given machining application. It also examines new tool geometries, tailored substrates, and the application of thin, hard coatings to cemented carbides by chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition. It discusses the tool wear mechanisms and the methods available for holding the carbide tool. The article is limited to tungsten carbide cobalt-base materials.

Steel storage tanks are the primary means for storing large volumes of liquids and gaseous products. The stored fluid could be water, but it could also be volatile, corrosive, and flammable fluid requiring special precautions for storage as well. Corrosion is generally worst where the tank is in contact with the soil. This article describes the soil characteristics and addresses cathodic protection (CP) criteria for submerged metallic piping systems. It provides information on the data required for designing a CP system, alone or in conjunction with a protective coating system. These data are collected from predesign site assessments, tank electrical characteristics, and soil-resistivity measurements. The article addresses NACE Standard RP0169, which gives requirements and desired characteristics for coating in conjunction with CP. It also explains the methods of protecting aboveground storage tanks and underground storage tanks.

Metal powders are used as fuels in solid propellants, fillers in various materials, such as polymers or other binder systems, and for material substitution. They are also used in food enrichment, environmental remediation market, and magnetic, electrical, and medical application areas. This article reviews some of the diverse and emerging applications of ferrous and nonferrous powders. It also discusses the functions of copier powders and the processes used frequently for copier powder coating.

This article presents information regarding the use of protective coatings in municipal potable water systems, including raw water collection and transmission, water treatment plants, and treated water distribution. It provides useful guidance for the selection and use of protective coatings in these municipal water systems. The most commonplace corrosion-damage mechanisms are highlighted. The article describes the most common materials of construction found in municipal water systems, namely, cast iron, ductile iron, carbon steel, precast concrete cylinder pipe and reinforced concrete pipe, prestressed concrete tanks, and stainless steel. It provides information on the most common generic coating systems used for new steel tanks and water storage tanks. It concludes with a discussion of quality watch-outs when selecting or using protective coatings in municipal water systems.

Alloy 5454 is an Al-Mg-Mn-Cr solid solution alloy with relatively high strength used for handling chemicals at elevated temperatures in the chemical and process industries. This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy, processing effects on physical and mechanical properties, and fabrication characteristics of this 5xxx series alloy.

Polyurethane is any polymer consisting of a chain of repeating organic units joined by urethane linkages. Polyurethane polymers are formed through step-growth polymerization by making a monomer containing at least two isocyanate functional groups to react with another monomer containing at least two hydroxyl (alcohol) groups. This article provides a detailed account of the protective coatings used in the building, infrastructure, and architectural markets. It focuses on the various types of polyurethane coatings used in these applications: moisture-cure and two-pack aromatic coatings as primers and topcoats, moisture-cure aromatic elastomeric high-build coatings, moisture-cure aliphatic topcoats, two-pack aliphatic polyurethane coatings as topcoats, and one- and two-pack polyurethane dispersion coatings as sealers and topcoats. It also includes a section on the health effects of isocyanates.

A coating can be defined as a substance spread over a surface to provide protection or to serve decorative purposes. This article discusses two industrial coating components, namely, nonvolatile components such as the resin or binder, pigments, and any additives that may be incorporated into the formulation; and volatile components such as solvents, or water in emulsions and their composition. It provides general information on volatile organic compounds. The article describes the film-forming mechanisms of various coating types, namely, lacquers, chemically converting coatings, latex coatings, alkyds and other resins, which cure by oxidation, moisture-curing polyurethanes and inorganic zinc primers, and powder coatings. The article concludes with a discussion on the functions of the primer, intermediate coat, and topcoat in coating systems.