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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005590
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... process: electrical shock, fumes and gases, arc radiation, and fire and explosion. arc radiation automatic welding electrical shock filler metals fire and explosion fumes gas tungsten arc welding power supplies robotic welding safety precautions shielding gas torch construction tungsten...
Abstract
The gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process derives the heat for welding from an electric arc established between a tungsten electrode and the part to be welded. This article provides a discussion on the basic operation principles, advantages, disadvantages, limitations, and applications of the process. It describes the equipment used for GTAW, namely, power supplies, torch construction and electrodes, shielding gases, and filler metals as well as the GTAW welding procedures. The article concludes with a review of the safety precautions to avoid possible hazards during the GTAW process: electrical shock, fumes and gases, arc radiation, and fire and explosion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005566
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... into the arc and pool of molten flux. The distinguishing feature of submerged arc welding is the granular material (flux) that covers the weld area and prevents arc radiation, sparks, spatter, and fumes from escaping. The flux is of major importance in achieving the high deposition rates and high-quality...
Abstract
Submerged arc welding (SAW) is suited for applications involving long, continuous welds. This article describes the operating principle, application, advantages, limitations, power source, equipment, and fluxes in SAW. It reviews three different types of electrodes manufactured for SAW: solid, cored, and strip. The article highlights the factors to be considered for controlling the welding process, including fit-up of work, travel speed, and flux depth. It also evaluates the defects that occur in SAW: lack of fusion, slag entrapment, solidification cracking, and hydrogen cracking. Finally, the article provides information on the safety measures to be followed in this process.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006871
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... Activation spectra of unstabilized and stabilized 3200 μm (125 mil) thick polyester specimen using 1000 W xenon arc with borosilicate glass filter. Source: Ref 3 A chromophore is a component of the polymer that absorbs solar radiation. Internal chromophores are part of the polymer matrix. External...
Abstract
This article presents a general overview of outdoor weather aging factors, their effects on the performance of polymeric materials, and the accelerated test methods that can be used to investigate those effects. These test methods are used to characterize material performance when subjected to specific, often controlled, and well-defined factors. The article also presents an overview of weathering instrument types that simulate outdoor stress factors.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005635
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... and explosion. adhesive bonding arc welding brazing compressed gas cutting electrical safety electromagnetic radiation electron beam welding explosion prevention explosion protection explosion welding fire prevention fire protection friction welding fumes gas high-frequency welding laser...
Abstract
This article presents an overview of the rules, regulations, and techniques implemented to minimize the safety hazards associated with welding, cutting, and allied processes. Safety management, protection of the work area, process-specific safety considerations, and robotic and electrical safety are discussed. The article explains the use of personal protective equipment and provides information on protection against fumes, gases, and electromagnetic radiation. It concludes with a discussion on safe handling of compressed gases as well as the prevention and protection of fire and explosion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001487
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... housekeeping is essential to avoid injuries. A welder's vision is often restricted by necessary eye protection. Persons passing a welding station must shield their eyes from the flame or arc radiation. The limited vision of the welder and passers-by make them vulnerable to tripping over objects on the floor...
Abstract
Safety is an important consideration in all welding, cutting, and related work. This article discusses the basic elements of safety general to all welding, cutting, and related processes. It includes safety procedures common to a variety of applications. The most important component of an effective safety and health program is management support and direction. The article reviews the role of management, training, housekeeping, and public demonstrations in welding safety to minimize personal injury and property damage. It provides information on the safety measures for eye and face protection in various welding and cutting operations. Injuries and fatalities from electric shock in welding and cutting operations can occur if proper precautionary measures are not followed. The article discusses the electrical safety aspects to be considered for various welding and cutting operations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003028
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
...-W xenon arc with borosilicate glass filter. Source: Ref 2 The absorption of UV radiation alone may not necessarily cause the degradation of a plastic material. A wavelength whose photon energy corresponds to a particular bond energy in the polymer chain can break the bond (chain scission...
Abstract
This article describes weathering and environmental factors that contribute to degradation in plastics, including temperature variations, moisture, sunlight, oxidation, microbiologic attack, and other environmental elements. It presents a general overview of aging factors, their effects on plastic materials, and the accelerated test methods that can be used to estimate the reaction of a plastic component during actual use. The article focuses on the determination of service temperature as it indicates the ability of a material to retain a certain property, when exposed to elevated temperatures for an extended period of time. It concludes by describing various degradation processes, namely, thermal degradation, thermal oxidative degradation, photooxidative degradation, environmental corrosion, and chemical corrosion and discussing the ways of detecting these degradation processes.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001465
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
...-gravity environments and describes the unique aspects of the space environment. It compares the applicable welding processes, namely, electron-beam welding, laser-beam welding, and gas-tungsten arc welding and examines the metallurgy of low-gravity welds. Steps taken to ensure the continued development...
Abstract
Welding as an assembly process has become increasingly more attractive to designers of space structures because of its sufficient strength, endurance, reliability during their service lives, and ease of repair. This article reviews a variety of applications for welding in space and low-gravity environments and describes the unique aspects of the space environment. It compares the applicable welding processes, namely, electron-beam welding, laser-beam welding, and gas-tungsten arc welding and examines the metallurgy of low-gravity welds. Steps taken to ensure the continued development of welding technology in space are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001354
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... to 3 4 in.) to ensure that the weld metal is properly shielded. The welding arc must be protected against air drafts that can disperse the shielding gas, which limits outdoor applications unless protective shields are placed around the welding area. Relatively high levels of radiated heat...
Abstract
Gas-metal arc welding (GMAW) is an arc welding process that joins metals together by heating them with an electric arc that is established between a consumable electrode (wire) and a workpiece. This article discusses the advantages and limitations, operating principle, metal transfer mechanisms, and process variables of the GMAW process. The process variables include welding current, polarity, arc voltage, travel speed, electrode extension, electrode orientation, and electrode diameter. The major components of the basic equipment for a typical GMAW installation are discussed. The article also describes two consumable elements, such as electrode and shielding gas, of the GMAW process. It concludes with information on the safety aspects.
Image
Published: 01 June 2024
Fig. 14 Brittle fracture of an aluminum forging. The radiating fracture ridges fan out from the fracture origins, which are several small, closely spaced fatigue zones. These zones are planar, arc shaped, and located at the surface of the part.
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Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005717
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... radiation. These arcs generate sufficient UV to quickly cause first-degree skin burns. All exposed skin should be covered to prevent burns. Clothing should be dark colored, loose fitting, tightly woven, and fire retardant. Light can pass through light-colored clothing and burn the skin. In open areas...
Abstract
The hazards associated with thermal spray deposition processes include ultraviolet and infrared radiation; acoustical noise; and by-product production in the forms of nitrous oxides, ozone, fumes, and dust. The most important consideration in health and safety is to use the engineered controls of hazards. This article provides a brief description of the spray booth, the most commonly used engineering tool to separate the operator from the thermal spray process and confine the associated hazards. It also presents guidelines on the proper and safe handling of industrial gases and ventilation and heat exhaust. The article provides information on the personal protective equipment for eyes and skin from radiation, and ears from noise. It also discusses other potential safety hazards associated with thermal spraying, namely, magnetic fields and infrasound.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005572
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... equipment advancements are reducing these limitations. Operator acceptance can be reduced by the higher GMAW gun weight relative to SMAW and greater radiated arc light intensity compared with SMAW, FCAW, or SAW. Principles of Operation A common GMAW process configuration is shown in Fig. 1...
Abstract
This article discusses the operation principles, advantages, limitations, process parameters, consumables or electrodes, the equipment used, process variations, and safety considerations of gas metal arc welding (GMAW). It reviews the important variables of the GMAW process that affect weld penetration, bead shape, arc stability, productivity, and overall weld quality. These include welding consumables, equipment settings, and gun manipulation. The major components of a GMAW installation such as a welding gun, shielding gas supply, electrode feed unit, power source, and associated controls are discussed.
Image
Published: 15 December 2019
Fig. 4 Basic geometry of the single-angle technique for x-ray diffraction residual-stress measurement. β, angle of inclination of the instrument; 0, point at which a cone of diffracted radiation originates; 1 and 2, points of the diffracting crystals; S 1 and S 2 , the arc lengths along
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006545
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... to 20% of the total energy is lost to radiation, a significant portion of which is emitted as ultraviolet light and can be a hazard to operators or observers ( Ref 8 ). There are various strategies to employ arcs for welding in AM. In one embodiment, the substrate (or metal part that is being...
Abstract
Fusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) processes rely on the formation of a metallurgical bond between a substrate and a feedstock material. Energy sources employed in the fusion AM process include conventional arcs, lasers, and electron beams. Each of these sources is discussed, with an emphasis on their principles of operation, key processing variables, and the influence of each source on the transfer of heat and material. Common energy sources used for metals AM processes, particularly powder-bed fusion and directed-energy deposition, are also discussed. Brief sections at the end of the article discuss the factors dictating the choice of each of these energy sources and provide information on alternative sources of AM.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001485
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... electrodes should be removed from torches when work is interrupted. Personal Protective Equipment and Clothing A No. 12 shade-filter lens should be used for eye protection against arc radiation. When conducting heavy metal-removal operations with large electrodes, a No. 14 shade-filter lens...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001336
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
.... However, this increased energy is generally lost through radiation to the environment surrounding the weld and does not effectively supply additional heat to the workpieces. Mechanized welding generally utilizes rather short arc lengths (2 to 3 mm, or 0.08 to 0.12 in.), whereas manual welding uses...
Abstract
The gas-tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process is performed using a welding arc between a nonconsumable tungsten-base electrode and the workpieces to be joined. The arc discharge requires a flow of electrons from the cathode through the arc column to the anode. This article discusses two cases of electron discharge at the cathode: thermionic emission and nonthermionic emission, also called cold cathode, or field emission. It schematically illustrates relative heat transfer contributions to workpiece in the GTAW process. The article provides information on the effects of cathode tip shape and shielding gas composition in the GTAW process.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005600
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... be capable of the maximum wire feed speed and current rating for the desired HLAW application. Because of the high average current used in HLAW, considerable heat is generated in the GMAW torch. In addition to the heat produced by the arc, the GMAW torch receives additional heat radiated by the laser process...
Abstract
Hybrid laser arc welding (HLAW) is a metal joining process that combines laser beam welding (LBW) and arc welding in the same weld pool. This article provides a discussion on the major process variables for two modes of operation of HLAW, namely, stabilization mode and penetration mode. The major process variables for either mode of operation include three sets of welding parameters: the variables for the independent LBW and gas metal arc welding processes and welding variables that are specific to the HLAW process. The article discusses the advantages, limitations, and applications of the HLAW and describes the major components and consumables used for HLAW. The components include the laser source, gas metal arc welding source, hybrid welding head, and motion system. The article also describes the typical sources of defects and safety concerns of HLAW.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001760
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... by a cylindrical film surrounding the sample. These arcs would normally be continuous, but because of the highly parallel and monochromatic incident radiation, only selected grains are oriented for reflection. Fig. 22 Double crystal diffractometer for polycrystalline samples. Source: Ref 40 , 41...
Abstract
X-ray topography is a technique that comprises topography and x-ray diffraction. This article provides a description of the kinematical theory and the dynamical theory of diffraction. It provides useful information on the configurations of reflection and transmission topography. The article explains various topographic methods, namely, divergent beam method, polycrystal rocking curve analysis, line broadening analysis, microbeam method, and polycrystal scattering topography, as well as their instrumentation. It also describes the applications of x-ray topography.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006920
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... to natural sunlight. Because the most critical photons are at the lower wavelengths, materials with low sensitivities to longer wavelengths can be tested with this technology. Some technologies and test methods use radiation sources such as xenon arc lamps with so-called extended-UV filters...
Abstract
This article describes the processes involved in photochemical aging and weathering of polymeric materials. It explains how solar radiation, especially in the UV range, combines with atmospheric oxygen, driving photooxidation and the development of unstable photoproducts that cause various types of damage when they decompose, including the scission of carbon bonds and polymer chains. The article illustrates some of the degradation reactions that occur in different polymers and presents an overview of the strategies used to prevent such reactions or otherwise mitigate their effects.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001481
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... ): Kinetic energy of the electrons that constitute the arc current Heat of condensation of the electrons (work function) penetrating the solid work surface Radiation from the arc Thermal conduction from the arc plasma to the workpiece The first two mechanisms constitute the major source...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005176
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... designed for this type of operation. Using a water shield, rather than a gas shield, is less expensive. The water shield helps to significantly reduce the level of noise, arc radiation, and fume generated from the plasma cutting operation. It also results in reduced top-edge rounding and fumes, and a clean...
Abstract
Electric arc cutting is used on ferrous and nonferrous metals for rough severing, such as removing risers or scrap cutting, as well as for more closely controlled operations. This article describes the operating principles, equipment selection, process variables, and safety measures recommended for plasma arc cutting and air carbon arc cutting. Special applications of electric arc cutting, including shape cutting, gouging, and underwater cutting, are also discussed. The article provides information on other electric arc cutting methods, namely, the exo-process and oxygen arc cutting. It concludes with information on the seldom-used electric arc cutting methods, such as shielded metal arc cutting, gas metal arc cutting, and gas tungsten arc cutting.
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