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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005787
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... Abstract Steels may be annealed to facilitate cold working or machining, to improve mechanical or electrical properties, or to promote dimensional stability. This article, using iron-carbon phase diagram, describes the types of annealing processes, namely, subcritical annealing, intercritical...
Abstract
Steels may be annealed to facilitate cold working or machining, to improve mechanical or electrical properties, or to promote dimensional stability. This article, using iron-carbon phase diagram, describes the types of annealing processes, namely, subcritical annealing, intercritical annealing, supercritical or full annealing, and process annealing. Spheroidizing is performed for improving the cold formability of steels. The article provides guidelines for annealing and tabulates the critical temperature values for selected carbon and low-alloy steels and recommended temperatures and time cycles for annealing of alloy steels and carbon steel forgings. Different combinations of annealed microstructure and hardness are significant in terms of machinability. Furnaces for annealing are of two basic types, batch furnaces and continuous furnaces. The article concludes with a description of the annealing processes for steel sheets and strips, forgings, bars, rods, wires, and plates.
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in Effect of Neutron Irradiation on Properties of Steels[1]
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 5 Tensile ductility (a) of solution-annealed PCA steel and aged and cold-worked PCA steel. Irradiation caused a large decrease in the ductility of the solution-annealed PCA steel but not the cold-worked steel. This difference was correlated with fine bubbles on the MC precipitates
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Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 1 Fully annealed 1040 steel showing a ferrite-pearlite microstructure. Etched in 4% picral plus 2% nital. Original magnification: 500×
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Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 8 Microstructure of 0.06C-1.5Mn steel intercritically annealed 1 h at 740 °C (1360 °F) and then slow cooled. Reprinted from Ref 17
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in Fatigue Resistance of Steels
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
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in Fatigue Resistance of Steels
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 11 Strength versus fatigue life for annealed AISI-SAE 4340 steel. The equation for the actual stress amplitude, σ a , is shown in ksi units. Source: Ref 8
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in Fatigue Resistance of Steels
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 12 Total strain versus fatigue life for annealed AISI-SAE 4340 steel. Data are same as in Fig. 10 and 11 . Source: Ref 8
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Published: 01 January 2006
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in Corrosion Fatigue and Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Metallic Biomaterials
> Corrosion: Environments and Industries
Published: 01 January 2006
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Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 19 Map of σ c for cold-worked and annealed 304 stainless steel with a through-thickness crack (β = 1)
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Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 18 Fatigue crack growth rates for Type 301 stainless steel in the annealed and warm worked conditions, in air and argon environments, and at temperatures from −30 to +95 °C (−22 to +203 °F). These results were obtained on compact specimens 7 mm (0.28 in.) thick at a cyclic frequency of 20
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 13 0.10% carbon steel cold rolled the same as in Figure 12 but annealed at 550 °C (1025 °F) for 430 s. Recrystallization increased to 40%, with a reduction in hardness to 76 on Rockwell 30-T scale. Nital etch. 1000×
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 14 0.10% carbon steel cold rolled the same as in Figure 12 but annealed at 550 °C (1025 °F) for 865 s. Recrystallization increased to 80%, with a reduction in hardness to 70 on Rockwell 30-T scale. Nital etch. 1000×
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in Quantitative Characterization and Representation of Global Microstructural Geometry
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 25 Microstructure of well-annealed extra-low-carbon steel depicting ferrite grains and grain boundaries. Source: Ref 11 . The total number of intersections between the three test lines and the grain boundaries is equal to {10 + 11 + 14} = 35. The total effective length of the test lines
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 48 Spheroidize-annealed microstructure of type W1 carbon tool steel (Fe-1.05%C-0.25%Mn-0.2%Si) etched with Beraha's sodium molybdate reagent, which colored both the cementite particles (brownish-red) and the ferrite matrix. The magnification bar is 5 μm long.
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in Metallography and Microstructures of Low-Carbon and Coated Steels
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 38 Microstructure of a batch-annealed 0.04% C steel sheet showing ferrite grains with grain-boundary cementite (arrows). Marshall's reagent. 500×
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Published: 01 December 2004
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Published: 01 December 2004
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 33 AISI A7 tool steel, box annealed at 900 °C (1650 °F) for 1 h per 25 mm (1.0 in.) of container thickness and cooled at no more than 28 °C/h (50 °F/h). Massive alloy carbide and spheroidal carbide in a ferrite matrix. 4% nital. 1000×
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 34 AISI A10 tool steel, as-received (mill annealed). Section transverse to rolling direction. At the magnification used, the structure is poorly resolved. Nital. 100×
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