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anisotropic plates
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Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003385
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Abstract This article focuses on the unique characteristics of composites and laminated plates, including orthotropic, anisotropic, and unsymmetric plates. It discusses the stability issues associated with practical, structural laminates based on the finite stack effects and transverse shear...
Abstract
This article focuses on the unique characteristics of composites and laminated plates, including orthotropic, anisotropic, and unsymmetric plates. It discusses the stability issues associated with practical, structural laminates based on the finite stack effects and transverse shear stiffness effects. The article presents the study of instability associated with postbuckling behavior and hygrothermal buckling in composite sandwich panels and shell panels.
Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 24 Explosive-bonded 3.2 mm ( 1 8 in.) thick zirconium clad to 32 mm (1 1 4 in.) thick carbon steel plate. Attack polished, swab etched with 97% methanol and 3% HNO 3 , and heat tinted at 370 °C (700 °F). (a) Under bright-field illumination, the zirconium is brown-blue
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Image
in Quantitative Characterization and Representation of Global Microstructural Geometry
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
plate. The number of intersections between these nine test lines and the anisotropic grain boundaries is equal to 36. The effective length of cycloid minor axis was 138 μm. The length of a cycloid arc is two times the length of its minor axis. Therefore, the number of intersections per unit test line
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001347
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
.... , and Donovan J.A. , A Buckled Plate Test to Measure Interfacial Toughness in Composites , J. Mater. Sci. , Vol 24 , 1989 , p 4138 – 4143 10.1007/BF01168986 7. He M.-Y. and Hutchinson J.W. , “Kinking of a Crack Out of an Interface,” Report MECH-113, Division of Applied Science...
Abstract
Solid-state welding (SSW) processes are those that produce coalescence of the faying surfaces at temperatures below the melting point of the base metal being joined without the addition of brazing or solder filler metal. This article discusses the fundamentals of welding and joining materials via the application of a nonmelting process. The specific processes usually associated with the nonmelting process are discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004028
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
..., and since a threshold shear stress is required to activate dislocations, it turns out that the orientation of the crystals will affect the stress required to deform the aggregate. As a consequence, there is a direct connection between texture and anisotropic mechanical response. Anisotropy means...
Abstract
This article outlines several polycrystal formulations commonly applied for the simulation of plastic deformation and the prediction of deformation texture. It discusses the crystals of cubic and hexagonal symmetry that constitute the majority of the metallic aggregates used in technological applications. The article defines the basic kinematic tensors, reports their relations, and presents expressions for calculating the change in crystallographic orientation associated with plastic deformation. It surveys some of the polycrystal models in terms of the relative strength of the homogeneous effective medium (HEM). The article analyzes the anisotropy predictions of rolled face-centered-cubic and body centered-cubic sheets and presents simulations of the axial deformation of hexagonal-close-packed zirconium. The applications of polycrystal constitutive models to the simulation of complex forming operations, through the use of the finite element method, are also presented.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003389
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
..., thermal, coupled-fluid structure, linear, or nonlinear. Select type of FE: beam, plate, shell, plane strain/stress, axisymmetric or solid, and mesh (coarse or fine) discretization. Define constitutive models: full 3-D orthotropic/anisotropic, two-dimensional (2-D) orthotropic/anisotropic, equivalent...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the finite-element-based analyses (FEA) of advanced composite structures and highlights key aspects such as the homogenization of materials properties and post-processing of numerical results. It discusses the analysis of composite structures based on micromechanics and macromechanics. The article describes the FEA of 3-D solid elements, 2-D cylindrical shell elements, and 1-D beam elements. It contains a table that lists the commercially available finite element codes related to the analysis of fibrous composite materials. The article presents classical examples of the mechanics of composite materials to illustrate the aspects of multilayered composite structures.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001077
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... with optimum performance. The plating quality of ZA-12 is lower than that of ZA-8, but it has excellent bearing and wear properties. Alloy ZA-27 Alloy ZA-27 is the lightest, hardest, and strongest of all the zinc alloys, but it has relatively low ductility and impact strength when pressure die cast...
Abstract
This article describes the zinc and zinc alloys for decorative and functional applications. It focuses on the types of zinc coatings, namely, hot dip galvanizing, electrogalvanizing, metallizing, and mechanical galvanizing. The article covers the uses of zinc alloy castings, including pressure die castings, and gravity castings. It details the wrought products of zinc and zinc alloys, including flat-rolled products, wire-drawn products, extruded products, and forged products. The article also describes various properties of zinc alloys, including mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical, and magnetic properties. The listing for each alloy includes chemical compositions, relevant specifications, mass characteristics, and fabrication characteristics.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003387
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
.... The article concludes with a discussion on composite materials that are reinforced in the z-direction (also known as three-dimensional, or 3-D composites). mechanical properties composites out-of-plane analysis THE STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS of laminated composite materials is most often anisotropic...
Abstract
This article discusses the methods of analyzing the directional dependence of the mechanical properties of composites, especially those perpendicular to the major plane of the laminate. It provides a description of the common indirect load cases and direct out-of-plane load cases. The article concludes with a discussion on composite materials that are reinforced in the z-direction (also known as three-dimensional, or 3-D composites).
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003754
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... (crystallographic) materials. Materials that are optically anisotropic, such as beryllium, zirconium, α-titanium, and uranium, can be examined in the crossed-polarized condition without etching. A sensitive-tint plate (also called compensator plate, lambda plate, or gypsum plate) may also be used with crossed...
Abstract
This article provides information on the basic components of a light microscope, including the illumination system, collector lens, and optical and mechanical components. It describes optical performance in terms of image aberrations, resolution, and depth of field. The article discusses the examination of specimen surfaces using polarized light, phase contrast, oblique illumination, dark-field illumination, bright-field illumination, interference-contrast illumination, and phase contrast illumination. Special techniques and devices that may be used with the optical microscope, to obtain additional information, are also described. The article concludes with information on photomicroscopy and macrophotography.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003759
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... ). In this case, the chosen vertical axis ( Y -axis) is the direction perpendicular to the faces of the rolled plate. The number of intersections between these nine test lines and the anisotropic grain boundaries is equal to 36. The effective length of cycloid minor axis was 138 μm. The length of a cycloid arc...
Abstract
The objective of quantitative metallography/stereology is to describe the geometric characteristics of the features. This article discusses the geometric attributes of microstructural features that can be divided into: the numerical extents and the number density of microstructural features; derived microstructural properties; feature specific size, shape, and orientation distributions; and descriptors of microstructural spatial clustering and correlations. It emphasizes on the practical aspects of the measurement techniques and applications. The article also provides information on the quantitative metallographic methods for estimation of volume fraction, total surface area per unit volume, and total length of per unit volume.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005168
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
..., strain hardening can be isotropic or anisotropic. The former corresponds to an expansion of the yield surface without distortion. Any other form of hardening is anisotropic and leads to different properties in different directions after deformation, even if the material is initially isotropic. Whether...
Abstract
This article discusses the numerical simulation of the forming of aluminum alloy sheet metals. The macroscopic and microscopic aspects of the plastic behavior of aluminum alloys are reviewed. The article presents constitutive equations suitable for the description of aluminum alloy sheets. It explains testing procedures and analysis methods that are used to measure the relevant data needed to identify the material coefficients. The article describes the various formulations of finite element methods used in sheet metal forming process simulations. Stress-integration procedures for both continuum and crystal-plasticity mechanics are also discussed. The article also provides various examples that illustrate the simulation of aluminum sheet forming.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003744
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... connotes, among other definitions, the arrangement or manner of union of the particles of a body or substance. In describing polycrystalline microstructures, the word texture is used to describe any feature of the microstructure that lends to the anisotropic behavior of the polycrystalline body. Anisotropy...
Abstract
This article describes the mechanisms involved in creating texture for various metal-fabrication processes, namely, solidification, deformation, recrystallization and grain growth, thin-film deposition, and imposition of external magnetic fields. It discusses two experimental and analytical approaches for experimental determination of texture: one using classical diffraction and pole figure measurement techniques and the other using individual orientation measurements. The article also provides information on microtexture, grain-boundary character, and texture gradients. It concludes with information on texture evolution through modeling.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006558
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... of the polymer substrate, and these limited temperatures are dramatically lower than the melting temperature required for the nano- and microparticle metal inks to approach bulk-like metal behavior. Conversely, traditional electronics rely on plating processes, which provide relatively thick bulk copper...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the implementation of wire embedding with ultrasonic energy and thermal embedding for polymer additive manufacturing, discussing the applications and advantages of the technique. The mechanical and electrical performance of the embedded wires is compared with that of other conductive ink processes in terms of electrical conductivity and mechanical strength.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001040
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... temperature is applicable to other hot-working operations, such as extrusion or forging.) Fig. 24 Effect of hot deformation below 900 °C (1650 °F) on 50% FATT for an HSLA steel plate Toughness Anisotropy Steels can acquire strongly anisotropic microstructures as a result of working...
Abstract
Notch toughness is an indication of the capacity of a steel to absorb energy when a stress concentrator or notch is present. The notch toughness of a steel product is the result of a number of interactive effects, including composition, deoxidation and steelmaking practices, solidification, and rolling practices, as well as the resulting microstructure. All carbon and high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels undergo a ductile-to-brittle transition as the temperature is lowered. The composition of a steel, as well as its microstructure and processing history, significantly affects both the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature range and the energy absorbed during fracture at any particular temperature.. Th article focuses on various aspects of notch toughness including the effects of composition and microstructure, general influence of manufacturing practices and the interactive effects that simultaneously influence notch toughness. With the exception of working direction, most of the same chemical, microstructural, and manufacturing factors that influence the notch toughness of wrought steels also apply to cast steels. The Charpy V-notch test is used worldwide to indicate the ductile-to-brittle transition of a steel. While Charpy results cannot be directly applied to structural design requirements, a number of correlations have been made between Charpy results and fracture toughness.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006761
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... direction. Almost all materials, save perhaps parts made by powder metallurgy processes, demonstrate anisotropic behavior. Anisotropic behavior means that the mechanical properties are different in different directions. For the common wrought products such as bar, extrusion, plate, sheet, and so...
Abstract
Mechanical testing is an evaluative tool used by the failure analyst to collect data regarding the macro- and micromechanical properties of the materials being examined. This article provides information on a few important considerations regarding mechanical testing that the failure analyst must keep in mind. These considerations include the test location and orientation, the use of raw material certifications, the certifications potentially not representing the hardware, and the determination of valid test results. The article introduces the concepts of various mechanical testing techniques and discusses the advantages and limitations of each technique when used in failure analysis. The focus is on various types of static load testing, hardness testing, and impact testing. The testing types covered include uniaxial tension testing, uniaxial compression testing, bend testing, hardness testing, macroindentation hardness, microindentation hardness, and the impact toughness test.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006952
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... approach to assess variation in properties versus location (e.g., distance from the build plate) in a printed part, which is, to a large extent, impossible if employing bulk-scale conventional testing techniques (e.g., tensile). During nanoindentation testing, the indentation system continuously...
Abstract
This article provides a detailed discussion on nanoindentation hardness, high-strain-rate behavior and strain-rate sensitivity, and corrosion response of additively manufactured (AM) metals. It summarizes the most commonly used AM alloys for applications in harsh environments and their respective corrosion responses in various service environments. It also provides several case studies on location-dependent properties, microstructural evolution, and indentation strain-rate sensitivity of various additively manufactured alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002478
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... are not resolved in an anisotropic plate model, and the material can be treated much as a common engineering metal. (The term “black aluminum” is often used to describe carbon fiber/epoxy-matrix composites.) The design of composite materials is simplified by this approach, and much of the potential improvement...
Abstract
This article begins with a discussion on fiber-reinforced composite materials and describes the generic behavior and structure/property relationships of composites. The article summarizes lamina properties and presents equations that help in the calculation of lamina properties. Composite laminates are constructed from lamina with uniaxial fiber orientation and frequently from textile fabrics as well. The article explains the characteristics of symmetric in-plane and through-thickness laminates; asymmetric in-plane and symmetric through-thickness laminates; asymmetric laminates; and curved laminates. It provides information on controlled thermal expansion composites, metal-matrix composites, and ceramic-matrix composites. The article illustrates the types of bonded joints and concludes with a discussion on design for manufacturing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003165
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... infrared radiation makes beryllium highly suited for mirrors, either as polished or plated substrate. The near transparency of beryllium to x-rays and other high-energy electromagnetic radiation is responsible for its widespread use in foil gage as windows in x-ray tubes and radiation-detection devices...
Abstract
Beryllium possesses an unusual combination of physical and mechanical properties, suiting it for specialized applications where its relatively high cost can be justified. It has very low density, a moderately high melting point, high elastic modulus, and good electrical and thermal conductivity. The article describes structural, instrument, and optical grade beryllium and the corresponding compositional ranges. It also discusses processing and product forms as well as factors affecting corrosion resistance. The article concludes with a short note on health and safety considerations when handling beryllium.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002477
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
...-dependent Part Stiffness Many thermoplastic parts are platelike structures that can be treated as a simply supported plate, possibly reinforced with ribs. A procedure intended to provide quick, approximate solutions for the stiffness of laterally loaded rib-stiffened plates has been developed...
Abstract
The key to any successful part development is the proper choice of material, process, and design matched to the part performance requirements. Understanding the true effects of time, temperature, and rate of loading on material performance can make the difference between a successful application and catastrophic failure. This article provides examples of reliable material performance indicators and common practices to avoid failure. Simple tools and techniques for predicting part mechanical performance integrated with manufacturing concerns, such as flow length and cycle time, are demonstrated. The article describes the prediction of mechanical part performance for stiffness, strength/impact, creep/stress relaxation, and fatigue.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006573
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... powdered materials. Depending on the AM technology employed, the microstructure and resulting properties of the 3D-printed parts vary: a columnar structure with anisotropic properties or equiaxed grains with isotropic properties can be obtained. Fundamentally, the material structure is a dominant factor...
Abstract
Traditional processing methods for the part production of Co-Cr alloys include casting, powder metallurgy, and metal forming. However, the steps involved during materials processing followed by metal forming and machining are time consuming and fraught with processing variables. Three-dimensional (3D) printing enables rapid evolution in design, personalization, and so on. This article presents a brief description of some common additive manufacturing (AM) processes for the production of cobalt alloy parts, and provides a comparison between AM and conventional processing methods. The discussion is centered on process-microstructure-properties correlation in additively manufactured cobalt alloys and applications of these alloys.
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