Alloy 2198 is an Al-Cu-Li alloy that is used in combination with 2196-T8 stringers for the fuselage skins of the Bombardier C-Series. This datasheet provides information on composition limits of the alloy 2198 and provides a performance comparison of 2198-T8 and 2024-T351 alloys.

Alloy 2055 is an Al-Cu-Li alloy developed as a replacement for high-strength 7xxx and 2xxx alloys in applications such as fuselage stringers and floor beams. This datasheet provides information on its key alloy metallurgy and illustrates the damage tolerance of 2055-T84 extrusions and 7xxx extrusions.

The Al-Cu-Li alloy 2050 was designed to replace 2xxx alloys at low thicknesses and 7xxx alloys on the thicker end of the range. This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy and processing effects on mechanical properties of this 2xxx series alloy. A figure presents a performance comparison of 2050 and 7050.

Alloy 2099 is a third-generation Al-Cu-Li alloy providing an improved combination of strength, elastic modulus, and fatigue crack growth resistance. This datasheet provides information on its key alloy metallurgy and the effects of processing on its mechanical properties.

This article is a guide to the welding of commercially available aluminum-lithium alloys. It discusses the weldability issues created by weld porosity, hot cracking, and filler metal selection and presents the data revealed from weld characterization.

This article describes the general categories and metallurgy of heat treatable aluminum alloys. It briefly reviews the key impurities and each of the principal alloying elements in aluminum alloys, namely, copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon, zinc, iron, lithium, titanium, boron, zirconium, chromium, vanadium, scandium, nickel, tin, and bismuth. The article discusses the secondary phases in aluminum alloys, namely, nonmetallic inclusions, porosity, primary particles, constituent particles, dispersoids, precipitates, grain and dislocation structure, and crystallographic texture. It also discusses the mechanisms used for strengthening aluminum alloys, including solid-solution hardening, grain-size strengthening, work or strain hardening, and precipitation hardening. The process of precipitation hardening involves solution heat treatment, quenching, and subsequent aging of the as-quenched supersaturated solid solution. The article briefly discusses these processes of precipitation hardening. It also reviews precipitation in various alloy systems, including 2xxx, 6xxx, 7xxx, aluminum-lithium, and Al-Mg-Li systems.

This article is a compilation of binary alloy phase diagrams for which lithium (Li) is the first named element in the binary pair. The diagrams are presented with element compositions in weight percent. The atomic percent compositions are given in a secondary scale. For each binary system, a table of crystallographic data is provided that includes the composition, Pearson symbol, space group, and prototype for each phase.

This article provides an overview of fatigue and fracture resistance of aluminum alloys. It discusses the characteristics of aluminum alloy classes and the fracture mechanics of aluminum alloys. The article tabulates relative stress-corrosion cracking ratings for high-strength wrought aluminum products. It analyzes the selection of various alloys for stress-corrosion cracking resistance, including aluminum-lithium alloys, copper-free 7XXX alloys, and casting alloys. The article presents a list of typical tensile properties and fatigue limit of aluminum alloys. It also describes the effects of composition, microstructure, thermal treatments, and processing in fatigue crack growth of aluminum alloys.

This article illustrates the relationships among commonly used 2xxx series alloys. It contains tables that list values for composition limits of aluminum-lithium alloys, and aerospace alloys and their temper conditions according to primary design requirements.

Aluminum-lithium alloys have been developed primarily to reduce the weight of aircraft and aerospace structures. This article commences with a discussion on the physical metallurgy and development of aluminum-lithium alloys. It focuses on major commercial aluminum-lithium alloys, including alloy 2090, alloy 2091, alloy 8090, alloy CP276, and Weldalite 049. The article also lists the chemical compositions, physical properties, fabrication characteristics, corrosion performance, and general applications of these alloys. A comparison of alloy properties is represented graphically.

This article focuses on the aging characteristics of solution and precipitation heat treated aluminum alloy systems and their corresponding types. It includes information on aluminum-copper systems, aluminum-copper-magnesium systems, aluminum-magnesium-silicon systems, aluminum-zinc-magnesium systems, aluminum-zinc-magnesium-copper systems, and aluminum-lithium alloys.

This article begins by describing the designations of cast and wrought aluminum alloys. It explains the effects of main alloying elements in aluminum alloys: boron, chromium, copper, iron, lithium, magnesium, manganese, nickel, phosphorus, silicon, sodium, strontium, titanium, and zinc. The article describes the microstructure of cast and wrought aluminum alloys and the various strengthening mechanisms, including solid solution, grain refinement, strain or work hardening, precipitation (or age) hardening, and dispersoid strengthening. The article explicates the tribological behavior of aluminum alloys, aluminum-base composites, and metal-matrix composites. It presents the effect of material-related parameters and external factors on wear behavior and transitions of aluminum-silicon alloys. The article also presents the most important factors affecting the dry sliding wear behavior of particle-reinforced aluminum-base composites against a steel counterface.

Heat treatment of aluminum alloys frequently refers to the heat treatable aluminum alloys that can be strengthened by solution treatment, quenching, and subsequent hardening. This article introduces the general metallurgy of strengthening aluminum alloys by heat treatment. It discusses various heat treatable alloying elements, such as copper, chromium, iron, magnesium, silicon, zinc, and lithium. The article describes the age-hardening treatments and generalized precipitation sequence for aluminum alloys. It reviews the solution heat treatment in terms of solution heating time and temperature, as well as high-temperature oxidation. The article also discusses quench sensitivity, vacancy loss, grain-boundary precipitates, and quench delay for the heat treatment of aluminum. It concludes with a discussion on the deformation of aluminum alloys prior to aging.

This article describes the effects of alloying and heat treatment on the metastable transition precipitates that occur in age hardenable aluminum alloys. Early precipitation stages are less well understood than later ones. This article details the aging sequence and characteristics of precipitates that occur in the natural aging and artificial aging of Al-Mg-Si-(Cu) alloys, Al-Mg-Cu alloys, microalloyed Al-Mg-Cu-(Ag, Si) alloys, aluminum-lithium-base alloys, and Al-Zn-Mg-(Cu) alloys. Crystal structure, composition, dimensions, and aging conditions of precipitates are detailed. Effects of reversion, duplex annealing, and retrogression and re-aging are included.

In high-strength aluminum alloys, stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) is known to occur in ordinary atmospheres and aqueous environments. This article discusses the mechanisms of SCC in aluminum alloys, providing information on two main types of SCC models: those of anodic dissolution based on electrochemical theory and those that involve the stress-sorption theory of mechanical fracture. It reviews three different categories of experiments used to compare SCC performance of candidate materials for service. The categories are tests on statically loaded smooth samples, tests on statically loaded precracked samples, and tests using slowly straining samples. The article describes SCC susceptibility and ratings of SCC resistance for high-strength wrought aluminum products, such as 2xxx, 5xxx, and 7xxx series alloys, aluminum-lithium alloys, and 7xxx alloys containing copper.

This article describes the casting characteristics and practices of copper and copper alloys. It discusses the melting and melt control of copper alloys, including various melt treatments to improve melt quality. These treatments include fluxing and metal refining, degassing, deoxidation, grain refining, and filtration. The article provides a discussion on these melt treatments for group I to III alloys. It describes the three categories of furnaces for melting copper casting alloys: crucible furnaces, open-flame furnaces, and induction furnaces. The article explains the important factors that influence the selection of a casting method. It discusses the production of copper alloy castings. The article concludes with information on the gating and feeding systems used in production of copper alloy castings.

This article describes the different types of precipitation and transformation processes and their effects that can occur during heat treatment of various nonferrous alloys. The nonferrous alloys are aluminum alloys, copper alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel alloys, titanium alloys, cobalt alloys, zinc alloys, and heat treatable silver alloys, gold alloys, lead alloys, and tin alloys. It also provides a detailed discussion on the effects due to precipitation and transformation processes in these non-ferrous alloys.

This article is a compilation of binary alloy phase diagrams for which strontium (Sr) is the first named element in the binary pair. The diagrams are presented with element compositions in weight percent. The atomic percent compositions are given in a secondary scale. For each binary system, a table of crystallographic data is provided that includes the composition, Pearson symbol, space group, and prototype for each phase.

This article provides a thorough review of the physical metallurgy of aluminum alloys and its role in determining the properties and from a design and manufacturing perspective. And its role in include the effects of composition, mechanical working, and/or heat treatment on structure and properties. This article focuses on the effects of alloying and the metallurgical factors on phase constituents, structure, and properties of aluminum alloys. Effects from different combinations of alloying elements are described in terms of relevant alloy phase diagrams. The article addresses the underlying alloying and structural aspects that affect the properties and possible processing routes of aluminum alloys. It provides information on the heat treatment effects on the physical properties of aluminum alloys and the microstructural effects on the fatigue and fracture of aluminum alloys. The important alloying elements and impurities are listed alphabetically as a concise review of major effects.