Fig. 18 Metal consumption over time for an alloy forming a protective scale under various turbine cycling conditions. The solid black line indicates metal consumption in a thermal cycling regime, with each parabola representing oxidation after effective loss of the protective oxide layer More

Fig. 6 Schematic of rotary forging setup for the forming of a copper alloy seal fitting used in high-pressure piping More

Fig. 1 Production of a hollow copper alloy C75700 knife handle by forming and coining. Dimensions given in inches More

Fig. 25 Preferred method of heating a punch and die for hot forming magnesium alloys on a press brake More

Fig. 4 Alloy A-286 exhaust cone that cracked in bulge forming, and the two layouts used in cutting the cone blank from 1.0 to 1.3 mm (0.04 to 0.05 in.) thick sheet More

Fig. 6 Finish forming of flutes and piercing of slots one at a time in an alloy X workpiece using a mechanical press. Hardness of the workpiece was 74.5 to 81.5 HR30T (186 to 247 HV). Dimensions given in inches More

Fig. 9 Explosive forming of a case from 1.5 mm (0.060 in.) thick alloy A-286 sheet. Dimensions given in inches More

Fig. 12 Alloy N-155 exit nozzle produced by tube spinning and explosive forming. Dimensions given in inches More

Fig. 8 Experimental forming-limit curve for an aluminum alloy 2008-T4 sheet sample (data points), and calculated curves based on the Yld89 (a special case of Yld2000-2d) yield function (solid line) and a crystal-plasticity model (dashed line). A=447 MPa (65 ksi); B=248 MPa (36 ksi); C=4.3 More

Fig. 17 Roll forming of a nickel-alloy 718 disk. (a) Overall view of the disk. (b) Macrograph of the axial-radial section of the disk (c) View of a complex-shaped disk that possessed two drive arms (d) Schematic of the roll forming scheme and tooling arrangement used to generate the disk More

Fig. 2 Titanium alloy gas-turbine ring that was produced by compression forming. Dimensions given in inches More

Fig. 18 Typical distortion of square copper alloy tubes in stretch forming. Dimensions given in inches More

Fig. 19 Forming-limit curves for high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel compared with mild steel for sheet thicknesses of 4 mm (0.16 in.). Source: Ref 5 More

Fig. 17 Curved, corrugated panel produced by explosive forming from aluminum alloy 2014 0.51 mm (0.020 in.) thick. Dimensions given in inches More

Fig. 64 Forming mechanism of the banded structure of copper-lead alloy in upward directional solidification. Source: Ref 37 More

Fig. 8 Forming mechanism of the banded structure of copper-lead alloy in upward directional solidification. G.D., growth direction. Source: Ref 8 as published in Ref 5 More

Fig. 4 Unstable advance of a film-forming alloy, showing the formation of laps as the interface intermittently stops and restarts by bursting through and flooding over the surface film More

Fig. 26 Influence of the amount of nitride-forming elements of the alloy on the residual stress state. Source: Ref 40 More

Fig. 9 Aluminum alloy slugs for semi-solid forming sit on composite pedestals before heating using vertically oriented induction coils. Courtesy of Inductoheat, Inc. More

Fig. 19 Deformation mechanism map of aluminum alloy 5083 with superplastic forming, quick plastic forming, and hot stamping. GBS = grain boundary sliding, SD = slip deformation, PLB = persistent Lüders, or slip, bands. Source: Ref 10 More