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alkaline noncyanide baths
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Cathode current efficiency of alkaline noncyanide zinc baths as related to ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1994
Fig. 1 Cathode current efficiency of alkaline noncyanide zinc baths as related to zinc metal contents. NaOH, 80 g/L (11 oz/gal); Na 2 CO 3 , 15 g/L (2 oz/gal)
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Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001248
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Abstract Commercial zinc plating is accomplished by a number of distinctively different systems: cyanide baths, alkaline noncyanide baths, and acid chloride baths. This article focuses on the composition, advantages, disadvantages, operating parameters, and applications of each of the baths...
Abstract
Commercial zinc plating is accomplished by a number of distinctively different systems: cyanide baths, alkaline noncyanide baths, and acid chloride baths. This article focuses on the composition, advantages, disadvantages, operating parameters, and applications of each of the baths. It provides information on the control of thicknesses of zinc specified for service in various indoor and outdoor atmospheres and on the similarities between cadmium and zinc plating.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001242
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Abstract This article provides a detailed account of the various alkaline and acid plating baths used for electrolytic copper plating. Dilute cyanide and Rochelle cyanide baths, high-efficiency sodium and potassium cyanide baths, alkaline noncyanide copper plating baths, and alkaline copper...
Abstract
This article provides a detailed account of the various alkaline and acid plating baths used for electrolytic copper plating. Dilute cyanide and Rochelle cyanide baths, high-efficiency sodium and potassium cyanide baths, alkaline noncyanide copper plating baths, and alkaline copper pyrophosphate baths, are discussed. The article reviews acid plating baths such as copper sulfate bath and copper fluoborate bath. It also presents information on the surface preparation considerations, bath composition, and operating variables of copper plating as well as the equipment used.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005778
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... Abstract This article describes the uses of the liquid carburizing process carried out in low and high temperature cyanide-containing baths, and details the noncyanide liquid carburizing process which can be accomplished in a bath containing a special grade of carbon. It presents a simple...
Abstract
This article describes the uses of the liquid carburizing process carried out in low and high temperature cyanide-containing baths, and details the noncyanide liquid carburizing process which can be accomplished in a bath containing a special grade of carbon. It presents a simple formula for estimating total case depth, and illustrates the influence of carburizing temperature, duration of carburizing, quenching temperature, and quenching medium with the aid of typical hardness gradients. The article provides information on controlling of cyaniding time and temperature, bath composition, and case depth, and presents examples that relate dimensional change to several shapes that vary in complexity. It also provides information on the quenchant removal and salt removal processes, lists the applications of liquid carburizing in cyanide baths, and discusses the process and importance of cyanide waste disposal in detail.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005776
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
..., achieves a ratio of 21 to 26% cyanide to 14 to 18% cyanate. The bath used in liquid pressure nitriding operates with a cyanide content of 30 to 35% and a cyanate content of 15 to 20%. The aerated bath is controlled to a ratio of 50 to 60% cyanide to 32 to 38% cyanate. The aerated noncyanide nitriding...
Abstract
The liquid nitriding process has several proprietary modifications and is applied to a wide variety of carbon steels, low-alloy steels, tool steels, stainless steels, and cast irons. This article discusses the applications, subclassifications, operating procedures, and maintenance procedures, as well as the equipment used (salt bath furnaces) and safety precautions to be undertaken during the liquid nitriding process. It describes the different types of liquid nitriding process, namely, liquid pressure nitriding, aerated bath nitriding, and liquid nitrocarburizing. Environmental considerations and the increased cost of detoxification of cyanide-containing effluents have led to the development of low-cyanide salt bath nitrocarburizing treatments. The article reviews the wear and antiscuffing characteristics of the compound zone produced in salt baths with the help of Falex scuff test.
Book Chapter
Electrodeposition Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003215
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... for coating iron and steel parts when protection from either atmospheric or indoor corrosion is the primary objective. Plating Baths Commercial zinc plating is accomplished by a number of distinctively different systems: cyanide baths, alkaline noncyanide baths, and acid chloride baths. In the 1970s...
Abstract
Copper can be electrodeposited from numerous electrolytes. Cyanide and pyrophosphate alkalines, along with sulfate and fluoborate acid baths, are the primary electrolytes used in copper plating. This article provides information on the chemical composition, plating baths, and operating conditions of electrodeposition processes for chromium plating, nickel plating, iron plating, cadmium plating, zinc plating, indium plating, lead plating, tin plating, silver plating, gold plating, brass plating, bronze plating, tin-lead plating, zinc-iron plating, and zinc-nickel plating. The article also discusses selective plating, electroforming, and other processes and where they are typically used.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001253
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
.... This price level and the daily variability of its price have required chemists and engineers to severely limit the concentration of gold in the plating solution. Nickel, alkaline copper, and silver are typically plated from solutions that contain 37 g of metal per liter of plating bath. Acid copper is plated...
Abstract
Gold electroplating was invented in 1840. During the first 100 years electrodeposited gold was used primarily for its aesthetic appeal as a decorative finish. This article provides a description of the gold plating process and the electrolytes used. It discusses the decorative and industrial applications of gold plating. The article reviews factors affecting the dragout of gold solution.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001247
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... useful in the maintenance of cyanide baths are outlined in the section “Chemical Analysis of Cyanide Cadmium Plating Baths” in this article. In recent years, the need for pollution control of cyanide solutions has led to the development of noncyanide cadmium electroplating baths, shown in Table 2...
Abstract
Electrodeposits of cadmium are used to protect steel and cast iron against corrosion. This article provides an overview of the surface preparation of, and brighteners used in, cyanide baths. It focuses on the anode system, current density, deposition rates, and bath temperature of cadmium plating with attention to the materials of construction and equipment used. The article provides a description of the selection of plating method with examples, applications, and several postplating processes of cadmium plating.
Book Chapter
Selective (Brush) Plating
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001261
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Abstract Selective plating, also known as brush plating, differs from traditional tank or bath plating in that the workpiece is not immersed in a plating solution (electrolyte). Instead, the electrolyte is brought to the part and applied by a handheld anode or stylus, which incorporates...
Abstract
Selective plating, also known as brush plating, differs from traditional tank or bath plating in that the workpiece is not immersed in a plating solution (electrolyte). Instead, the electrolyte is brought to the part and applied by a handheld anode or stylus, which incorporates an absorbent wrapping for applying the solution to the workpiece (cathode). This article focuses on the selective plating systems that include a power pack, plating tools, anode covers, specially formulated plating solutions, and any auxiliary equipment required for the particular application. It provides a detailed account of the applications of selective plating, with examples. The article describes the advantages, limitations, key process elements, and health and safety considerations of selective plating. It also includes the most important industrial, government, and military specifications.
Book Chapter
Electroplated Coatings for Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006395
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... at the cathode surface, depositing solid metal onto the cathode. Negatively charged ions (anions) migrate toward the anode, also discharging at the anode surface. A direct current (dc) power source is typically used to apply the electrical potential. The basic electroplating bath for a nickel plating system...
Abstract
This article discusses the fundamentals of electroplating processes, including pre-electroplating and surface-preparation processes. It illustrates the four layers of a plating system, namely, top or finish coat, undercoat, strike or flash, and base material layers. The article describes various plating methods, such as pulse electroplating, electroless plating, brush plating, and jet plating. It reviews the types of electrodeposited coatings, including hard coatings and soft coatings. The article also details the materials available for electroplating, including electroplated chromium, electroplated nickel, electroless (autocatalytic) nickel, electroless nickel composite coatings, electroplated gold, and platinum group coatings. These are specifically tailored toward plated coatings for friction, lubrication, and wear technology. The article concludes with a discussion on the common issues encountered with electroplating.
Book Chapter
Cleaning and Coating of Cast Irons
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006335
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... and reduction of fatigue strength are not dissipated as heat treating temperature approaches stress-relieving temperature. Nonmechanical Cleaning Nonmechanical cleaning methods applicable to cast irons include molten salt bath cleaning, pickling, and chemical cleaning, with the latter method including...
Abstract
Coating of cast irons is done to improve appearance and resistance to degradation due to corrosion, erosion, and wear. This article describes inorganic coating methods commonly applied to cast irons. The coating methods include plating, hot dip coating, conversion coating, diffusion coating, cladding, porcelain enameling, and thermal spray. Organic coatings have a wide variety of properties, but their primary use is for corrosion resistance combined with a pleasing colored appearance. The article discusses the various types of organic coatings applied to cast irons. Practically any degree of smoothness or roughness and requirement for color and gloss can be filled by organic coatings. The article describes abrasive blast cleaning, abrasive waterjet cleaning and finishing, vibratory finishing, barrel finishing, and shot peening for processing iron castings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004218
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... 0.05 0.3 90 5.2×10 −3 Zinc (cyanide) plating bath Zinc 35 0.054 0.35 70 1.1×10 −2 Cyanide (CN) 100 0.054 0.35 70 3.1×10 −2 Zinc (chloride) plating bath Zinc 40 0.043 0.28 95 7.4×10 −3 Zinc (alkaline noncyanide) plating bath Zinc 15 0.023 0.15 75 1.9×10 −3...
Abstract
The high-temperature corrosion processes that are most frequently responsible for the degradation of furnace accessories are oxidation, carburization, decarburization, sulfidation, molten-salt corrosion, and molten-metal corrosion. This article discusses each corrosion process, along with the corrosion behavior of important engineering alloys. It describes the corrosion of plating, anodizing, and parts of pickling equipment such as tanks, wirings and bus bars, racks, anode splines, pumps, and heaters.
Book Chapter
Surface Engineering of Copper and Copper Alloys
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001309
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... material may need a bright dip or color dip after pickling. Pickling conditions for copper-base materials Table 1 Pickling conditions for copper-base materials Constituent or condition Amount or value Sulfuric acid bath Sulfuric acid (a) 15–20 vol% 35% hydrogen peroxide 3–5 vol...
Abstract
The selection of surface treatments for copper and copper alloys is generally based on application requirements for appearance and corrosion resistance. This article describes cleaning, finishing, and coating processes for copper and copper alloys. These processes include pickling and bright dipping, abrasive blast cleaning, chemical and electrochemical cleaning, mass finishing, polishing and buffing, electroless plating, immersion plating, electroplating, passivation, coloring, and organic coatings.
Book Chapter
Case Hardening of Steel
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003197
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
...) Appearance: white granular mixture Noncyanide Liquid Carburizing Liquid carburizing can be accomplished in a bath containing a special grade of carbon instead of cyanide as the source of carbon. In this bath, carbon particles are dispersed in the molten salt by mechanical agitation, which...
Abstract
Case hardening is defined as a process by which a ferrous material is hardened in such a manner that the surface layer, known as the case, becomes substantially harder than the remaining material, known as the core. This article discusses the equipment required, process variables, carbon and hardness gradients, and process procedures of different types of case hardening methods: carburizing (gas, pack, liquid, vacuum, and plasma), nitriding (gas, liquid, plasma), carbonitriding, cyaniding and ferritic nitrocarburizing. An accurate and repeatable method of measuring case depth is essential for quality control of the case hardening process and for evaluation of workpieces for conformance with specifications. The article also discusses various case depth measurement methods, including chemical, mechanical, visual, and nondestructive methods.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005929
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... Constituent Composition of bath, % Light case, low temperature (845–900 °C, or 1550–1650 °F) Deep case, high temperature (900–955 °C, or 1650–1750 °F) Sodium cyanide 10–23 6–16 Barium chloride … 30–55 (a) Salts of other alkaline earth metals (b) 0–10 0–10 Potassium chloride 0–25 0...
Abstract
This article provides information on the salt baths used for a variety of heat treatments, including heating, quenching, interrupted quenching (austempering and martempering), case hardening, and tempering. It describes two general types of salt bath systems for steel hardening: the first type uses atmosphere austenitizing followed by salt quench and the second type employs austenitizing salt baths with rapid transfer to the quench salt. The article provides a detailed account on the construction, advantages and disadvantages, and limitations of isothermal quenching furnaces, submerged-electrode furnaces, immersed-electrode furnaces, and externally heated furnaces. It discusses the important applications of various furnace designs, including the austempering of ductile iron, the hardening of tool steels, and the isothermal annealing of high-alloy steels.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001304
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... mill products, forgings, castings and fabricated steel parts are: Abrasive blasting (dry or wet) Tumbling (dry or wet) Brushing Acid pickling Salt bath descaling Alkaline descaling Acid cleaning The most important considerations in selecting one of the above methods...
Abstract
This article discusses the classifications, compositions, properties, advantages, disadvantages, limitations, and applications of the most commonly used methods for surface engineering of carbon and alloy steels. These include cleaning methods, finishing methods, conversion coatings, hot-dip coating processes, electrogalvanizing, electroplating, metal cladding, organic coatings, zinc-rich coatings, porcelain enameling, thermal spraying, hardfacing, vapor-deposited coatings, surface modification, and surface hardening via heat treatment.
Book Chapter
Stop-Off Technologies for Heat Treatment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005784
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
.... The noncyanide baths have the benefit of reduced restrictions for wastewater treatment as well as air scrubbing. These baths can experience the downside risk of reduced throwing power when attempting to attain uniform coverage down a blind hole. Regardless of the bath type, there is an inherent risk that must...
Abstract
A wide variety of stop-off technologies for heat treatment are used to selectively prevent the diffusion of carbon and/or nitrogen during atmosphere carburizing, carbonitriding, vacuum carburizing, and various forms of nitriding. In addition to selective stop-off, technologies are also available for scale prevention in open-fired furnaces. This article describes two stop-off technologies, mechanical masking and copper plating, along with stop-off paints/compounds. Prior to the application of stop-off paints, the part surface of the furnaces should be properly cleaned and dried. The article also describes the usage of stop-off paints in different heat treating processes, namely, carburizing and carbonitriding, deep carburizing, vacuum carburizing, nitriding and nitrocarburizing, and plasma nitriding. The article concludes by reviewing the application methods of stop-off paints: brushing, dipping, dispensing, spraying and stamping.
Book Chapter
Martempering of Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005802
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... on the importance of controlling process variables in martempering, including austenitizing temperature, temperature of the martempering bath, time in the bath, salt contamination, water additions to salt, agitation, and the rate of cooling from the martempering bath. It also describes specific situations in which...
Abstract
This article describes the advantages of martempering and the use of oil and salt as quenchants in the martempering process. It also discusses safety precautions to be followed by an operator and reviews the steels that are suitable for martempering. The article provides information on the importance of controlling process variables in martempering, including austenitizing temperature, temperature of the martempering bath, time in the bath, salt contamination, water additions to salt, agitation, and the rate of cooling from the martempering bath. It also describes specific situations in which distortion problems have been encountered during martempering. The article contains tables that indicate typical applications of martempering in salt and oil by listing commonly treated steel parts and giving details of martempering procedures and hardness requirements. The article also lists equipment requirements for oil and salt martempering of steel.
Book Chapter
Corrosion of Uranium and Uranium Alloys
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003828
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... be nonprotective. In neutral to alkaline solutions, solid UO 2 should form, which may or may not be protective. Electrochemical data for uranium show that E corr decreases from −0.73 V SCE at pH 0.55 to −1.27 V SCE at pH 9.6 ( Ref 15 ). From E corr alone, it is not clear whether or not the UO 2 formed...
Abstract
This article reviews general corrosion of uranium and its alloys under atmospheric and aqueous exposure as well as with gaseous environments. It describes the dependence of uranium and uranium alloy corrosion on microstructure, alloying, solution chemistry, and temperature as well as galvanic interactions between uranium, its alloys, and other metals. The article provides information on the atmospheric corrosion of uranium based on oxidation in dry air or oxygen, water vapor, and oxygen-water vapor mixtures depending upon particular storage conditions. The mechanism and morphology of hydride corrosion of uranium are discussed. The article provides information on environmentally assisted cracking, protective coatings, and surface modification of uranium and its alloys. It also summarizes the environmental, safety, and health considerations for their use.
Book
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.9781627081993
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
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