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Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001222
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Abstract Alkaline cleaning is a commonly used method for removing a wide variety of soils from the surface of metals. This article focuses on the composition, operating conditions, and test and control of alkaline cleaners, as well as equipment used and their application methods. It describes...
Abstract
Alkaline cleaning is a commonly used method for removing a wide variety of soils from the surface of metals. This article focuses on the composition, operating conditions, and test and control of alkaline cleaners, as well as equipment used and their application methods. It describes the mechanisms of alkaline cleaning, such as saponification, displacement, emulsification and dispersion, and metal oxide dissolution. The article concludes with information of the safety and environmental considerations in the usage of alkaline cleaners.
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Published: 01 January 1994
Fig. 1 Cathode current efficiency of alkaline noncyanide zinc baths as related to zinc metal contents. NaOH, 80 g/L (11 oz/gal); Na 2 CO 3 , 15 g/L (2 oz/gal)
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Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 17 Useful life of plain and alloyed cast irons in acid alkaline media as a function of temperature and concentration of the corrodents. (a) Sulfuric acid. (b) Nitric acid. (c) Hydrochloric acid. (d) Sodium hydroxide
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Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 5 Aluminum corrosion rates in acidic and alkaline environments at various temperatures and flow rates. Source: Ref 46
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Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 8 Relationship between threshold chloride concentration and pH of alkaline solution
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 19 High-carbon tool steel etched with boiling alkaline sodium picrate to color the cementite. Note the lighter-colored carbides in the segregation streak. These probably contain a small amount of molybdenum, present in this steel.
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 17 Same as in Fig. 16 but after etching with hot alkaline sodium picrate. C, eutectic cementite; L, ledeburite; F, ferrite; and P, pearlite with slightly etched cementite. 650× (microscopic magnification 500×)
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 24 Same as in Fig. 23 but after etching with hot alkaline sodium picrate. C, cementite; F, ferrite (unaffected); IP, iron phosphide + ferrite; and TiN, titanium nitride. 1300× (microscopic magnification 1000×)
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 30 Same as in Fig. 29 but after etching with hot alkaline sodium picrate and 4% nital. Pearlitic matrix is revealed; phosphorous eutectic is unaffected. 500×
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 6 AISI W2 (1.05% C), spheroidize annealed. (a) Etched with boiling alkaline sodium picrate for 60 s to color the cementite brown. (b) Etched lightly with 4% picral and tint etched with Beraha's Na 2 S 2 O 3 /K 2 S 2 O 5 reagent to color the ferrite (wide range of colors). (c) Etched
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Published: 31 August 2017
Fig. 21 Same as in Fig. 20 but after etching with hot alkaline sodium picrate. L, ledeburite; C, eutectic cementite; F, ferrite; and P, pearlite with slightly etched cementite. Original magnification: 650× (microscopic magnification: 500×)
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Published: 31 August 2017
Fig. 28 Same as in Fig. 27 but after etching with hot alkaline sodium picrate. F, ferrite (unaffected); C, cementite; IP, iron phosphide + ferrite; and TiN, titanium nitride. Original magnification: 1300× (microscopic magnification: 1000×)
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Published: 31 August 2017
Fig. 34 Same as in Fig. 33 but after etching with hot alkaline sodium picrate and 4% nital. Pearlitic matrix is revealed; phosphorus eutectic is unaffected. Original magnification: 500×
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Published: 31 August 2017
Fig. 2 Useful life of plain and alloyed cast irons in acid alkaline media as a function of temperature and concentration of the corrodents. (a) Sulfuric acid. (b) Nitric acid. (c) Hydrochloric acid. (d) Sodium hydroxide
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Published: 31 August 2017
Fig. 58 Useful life of plain and alloyed cast irons in acid alkaline media as a function of temperature and concentration of the corrodents. (a) Sulfuric acid. (b) Nitric acid. (c) Hydrochloric acid. (d) Sodium hydroxide
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Published: 01 June 2024
Fig. 26 (a) Carbon steel pipe from sour water service that failed due to alkaline carbonate stress-corrosion cracking. (b) Secondary electron image. Original magnification: 1000×. (c) Metallographically prepared section at cracks. As-polished. Original magnification: 100×. (d
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in Corrosion in Potable Water Distribution and Building Systems
> Corrosion: Environments and Industries
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 3 Amount of calcium in equilibrium with calcite at alkalinity values of 5 and 30 as a function of pH. This is a graphic interpretation of the Langelier saturation index.
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Published: 15 December 2019
Fig. 5 Isocratic separation of the ammonium ion, alkali metal cations, and alkaline earth cations with the IonPac (Thermo Fisher Scientific) CS12A column. Column dimensions: 4 mm ID by 250 mm; eluent: 18 mM methanesulfonic acid; flow rate: 1 mL/min; injection volume: 25 μL; temperature: 24 °C
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Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001242
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Abstract This article provides a detailed account of the various alkaline and acid plating baths used for electrolytic copper plating. Dilute cyanide and Rochelle cyanide baths, high-efficiency sodium and potassium cyanide baths, alkaline noncyanide copper plating baths, and alkaline copper...
Abstract
This article provides a detailed account of the various alkaline and acid plating baths used for electrolytic copper plating. Dilute cyanide and Rochelle cyanide baths, high-efficiency sodium and potassium cyanide baths, alkaline noncyanide copper plating baths, and alkaline copper pyrophosphate baths, are discussed. The article reviews acid plating baths such as copper sulfate bath and copper fluoborate bath. It also presents information on the surface preparation considerations, bath composition, and operating variables of copper plating as well as the equipment used.
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