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aircraft landing gears
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Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005739
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... used base metals in airframe structures. This article summarizes the results of materials and component testing. It also presents a cost/benefit analysis of HVOF WC/17Co and WC/10Co4Cr coatings on aircraft landing gear components. aircraft landing gears corrosion cost assessment fatigue hard...
Abstract
High-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF)-applied thermal spray coatings are viable candidates for replacement of hard chrome in numerous applications. HVOF thermal spraying can be used to deposit both metal alloy and cermet coatings that are dense and highly adherent to all the commonly used base metals in airframe structures. This article summarizes the results of materials and component testing. It also presents a cost/benefit analysis of HVOF WC/17Co and WC/10Co4Cr coatings on aircraft landing gear components.
Image
Published: 01 January 1993
Fig. 17 Oxyacetylene welding of aircraft landing gear support. Use of OAW reduced HAZ hardness and eliminated need for postweld tempering. Measurements shown in schematic are in inches. Welding rod Type RG60 Diameter, mm (in.) 2.4 ( 3 32 ) Torch type Injector Tip
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001366
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... flash-welding applications, including chain links, transmission bands, automotive flywheel ring gears, aircraft landing gear, band-saw blades, and crankshaft counter weights. It describes the components of a typical flash-welding machine. The article provides information on the electrical controls...
Abstract
Flash welding (FW) is a resistance welding process in which a butt joint weld is produced by a flashing action and by the application of pressure. Flash welding is used to join metallic parts that have similar cross sections in terms of size and shape. This article discusses flash-welding applications, including chain links, transmission bands, automotive flywheel ring gears, aircraft landing gear, band-saw blades, and crankshaft counter weights. It describes the components of a typical flash-welding machine. The article provides information on the electrical controls of flash-welding equipment. These include programmable controllers, welding current controllers, and either motor or servo-valve controllers.
Image
Published: 01 January 1997
Book Chapter
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000621
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
...-landing gear wheel and actuator beam, an aircraft wing spar, a fractured aircraft propeller blade, shot peened fillet, an aircraft lower-bulkhead cap, and clevis-attachment lugs. aircraft components corrosion fatigue fatigue crack propagation fatigue cracks fatigue fracture fatigue striations...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of wrought aluminum alloys and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the corrosion-fatigue fracture, fatigue striations, tension-overload fracture surface, ductile fracture, cone-shaped fracture surface, intergranular crack propagation, transgranular crack propagation, stress-corrosion cracking, hydrogen damage, and grain-boundary separation of these alloys. Fractographs are also provided for a forged aircraft main-landing gear wheel and actuator beam, an aircraft wing spar, a fractured aircraft propeller blade, shot peened fillet, an aircraft lower-bulkhead cap, and clevis-attachment lugs.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000612
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... of aircraft main landing gears, and aircraft engine mount beams. aircraft main landing gear fatigue fracture fractograph high-pressure compressors intergranular fracture intergranular stress-corrosion cracking precipitation-hardening stainless steel tension-overload fracture Fig. 720...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of precipitation-hardening stainless steels and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the cup-and-cone tension-overload fracture, low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue fracture, fracture surface, brittle intergranular fracture, hydrogen embrittlement, and intergranular stress-corrosion cracking of stainless steel components of these steels. The components include high-pressure compressor parts, springs, deflector yokes of aircraft main landing gears, and aircraft engine mount beams.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001377
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
.... Other metals welded by forge welding include high-alloy steels, nickel-base alloys, cobalt-base alloys, aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, and tungsten. Applications of this process include welding rods, bars, tubes, rails, aircraft landing gear, chains, and cans. The forge welding process is competitive...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002442
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... the mechanism performance due to changes in mass properties of the part. This in turn may require another iteration in the stress analysis. However, loads are only part of the need for prediction of the behavior of a mechanism. Example 2: Simulation to Predict Loads in Aircraft Landing Gear The first...
Abstract
This article presents an overview of the use of mechanism analysis (kinematics and dynamics) and simulation. It provides indications of the directions in which mechanism simulation is growing and how it is integrated in the evolving computer aided design and computer aided engineering (CAD/CAE) fields. Mechanism simulation is best used as part of a concurrent CAD/CAE approach to design. The article discusses the state, evolution, and direction of application for these techniques in a variety of fields.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006821
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... of the ASM Handbook , 2021. Case Study 18: Failure Analysis of Nose Undercarriage Retraction Jack Support Studs An incident occurred when the nose landing gear of an aircraft was retracted during landing roll. Postincident examination revealed that two studs of the nose undercarriage retraction jack...
Abstract
This article focuses on failure analyses of aircraft components from a metallurgical and materials engineering standpoint, which considers the interdependence of processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials. It discusses methodologies for conducting aircraft investigations and inspections and emphasizes cases where metallurgical or materials contributions were causal to an accident event. The article highlights how the failure of a component or system can affect the associated systems and the overall aircraft. The case studies in this article provide examples of aircraft component and system-level failures that resulted from various factors, including operational stresses, environmental effects, improper maintenance/inspection/repair, construction and installation issues, manufacturing issues, and inadequate design.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006553
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
.... Aircraft landing gear assemblies, power shovels, and track rollers utilize solid aluminum bearings to withstand high-shock loads. Rolling mill bearings are cast of aluminum alloys to increase load and speed capability. Important cast bearing alloys were based on aluminum-silicon or Al-Sn-Cu alloys...
Abstract
This article summarizes some general alloy groupings by application or major characteristics. The groupings include cast rotor, general-purpose, elevated-temperature, wear-resistant, moderate-strength, high-strength, and high-integrity die casting alloys and cast aluminum alloys bearings. A table lists selected applications for aluminum casting alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... process and often leads to serious cause-and-effect situations where fatigue is involved; it is particularly damaging to critical aircraft structures such as landing and arresting gears, hinges, and load-bearing struts. Figure 2 shows the reactions and mechanisms of how a material corrodes and forms...
Abstract
This article reviews corrosion problems in the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and discusses management and maintenance aspects of the practices that address the cost and readiness. It describes the plans to institute corrosion prevention and control strategies under DoD directives in engineering design, material selection, and fabrication processes for new acquisitions. The article also suggests a long-term strategy to reduce the cost of corrosion control.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... for engines; and landing gear and other critical structural members for aircraft. Properties Through-hardening of 4340 steel can be done by oil quenching, for round sections up to 75 mm (3 in.) in diameter, and by water quenching, for larger sections (up to the limit of hardenability). Typical...
Abstract
Ultrahigh-strength steels are designed to be used in structural applications where very high loads are applied and often high strength-to-weight ratios are required. This article discusses the composition, mechanical properties, processing, product forms, and applications of commercial structural steels capable of a minimum yield strength of 1380 MPa (200 ksi). These include medium-carbon low-alloy steels, such as 4340, 300M, D-6a and D-6ac steels; medium-alloy air-hardening steels, such as HI1 modified steel and H13 steel; high fracture toughness steels, such as HP-9-4-30, AF1410, and AerMet 100 steels; and maraging steels.
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005732
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... and Environmental Barrier Coatings (TBCs/EBCs) for Turbine ldquo;Thermal Spray Technology Growth in Gas Turbine Applications” “Abradable Thermal Spray Applications and Technology” “Replacement for Hard Chromium Plating on Aircraft Landing Gear” “Automotive Coatings and Applications” “Biomedical Coatings...
Abstract
This article describes the process of selecting an optimum coating and material system for a specific application. It reviews critical coating functions that influence the coating selection process, and presents some application success stories. The article explores the benefits of thermal spray coatings and functions they provide. It also presents key references from various National Thermal Spray Conference, United Thermal Spray Conference, and International Thermal Spray Conference Proceedings from 2006 through 2012.
Book Chapter
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001261
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... applications allow touchup of small rusted or corroded areas without disassembly. Examples include aircraft landing gears, virtually all kinds of machinery, mixing vats, and tanks. Parts too large to fit into plating tanks are almost always good candidates. Repair of Electronic Parts Repair...
Abstract
Selective plating, also known as brush plating, differs from traditional tank or bath plating in that the workpiece is not immersed in a plating solution (electrolyte). Instead, the electrolyte is brought to the part and applied by a handheld anode or stylus, which incorporates an absorbent wrapping for applying the solution to the workpiece (cathode). This article focuses on the selective plating systems that include a power pack, plating tools, anode covers, specially formulated plating solutions, and any auxiliary equipment required for the particular application. It provides a detailed account of the applications of selective plating, with examples. The article describes the advantages, limitations, key process elements, and health and safety considerations of selective plating. It also includes the most important industrial, government, and military specifications.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004127
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... control steel titanium magnesium alloy systems corrosion prevention aircraft corrosion damage U.S. NAVY AIRCRAFT experience severe conditions in operational service that include: aircraft carrier based deployment and carrier landing ( Fig. 1 ), maritime shore based deployment, and near sea level...
Abstract
This article describes the influences of the operational environments of U.S. Navy aircraft during corrosion-control process. The most widely used materials in airframe structures and components, such as aluminum, steel, titanium, and magnesium alloy systems, are reviewed. The article provides information on the inspections steps, corrosion-control issues, and corrosion-prevention strategies for naval aircraft. It contains a table that lists typical locations of corrosion on the aircraft. The article also provides examples of aircraft corrosion damage.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... landing gear, landing gear components, and other surfaces subject to erosion, abrasion, or impact from runway debris. Maskant for chemical milling is applied directly to an aerospace component during chemical milling of that component. Fuel tank coating is applied to the interior of integral...
Abstract
This article discusses coating products available for use in the aerospace industry that are compliant with regulations requiring reductions in emissions from organic solvents. The coating products addressed include primers, topcoats, and chemical milling maskants. It describes their characteristics and limitations compared to conventional noncompliant materials. The article addresses the methods and products commonly used achieve regulatory compliance: waterborne coatings, exempt-solvent-based coatings, high-solids coatings, powder coating, and electro-deposition.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005567
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
..., titanium alloys, and tungsten. Applications of this process include welding rods, bars, tubes, rails, aircraft landing gear, chains, and cans. The forge welding process is competitive with flash welding and friction welding. The primary variables for forge welding are temperature, total deformation...
Abstract
Forge welding is a solid-state joining process in which the workpieces are heated to the welding temperature and then sufficient blows or force are applied to cause permanent deformation and bonding at the faying surfaces. Coextrusion welding is a solid-state process that produces a weld by heating two or more workpieces to the welding temperature and forcing them through an extrusion die. This article illustrates typical joint configurations used for manual and automatic forge welding applications. It provides information on the common metals welded by coextrusion welding, such as low-carbon steel, aluminum, copper, and copper alloys. The article also explains the common coextrusion behaviors.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002375
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... to continue to operate the gear unit. Table 4 shows five different levels of tooth damage due to pitting that govern whether or not a pinion and a mating gear have failed by pitting. In aircraft or space vehicle gearing, situation 1 is cause for failure. In long-life turbine gearing, situation 2...
Abstract
This article summarizes the various kinds of gear wear, including fatigue, impact fracture, wear, and stress rupture, describes how gear life in service is estimated. It presents the rules concerning lubricants in designing gearing and analyzing failures of gears. The article presents the equations for determining surface durability and life of gears. It tabulates the situations and concepts of pitting failures in gears. The article analyzes some of the more common flaws that affect the life of gear teeth. It reviews the components in the design and structure of each gear and/or gear train that must be considered in conjunction with the teeth.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003516
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... of the number of stress cycles required for failure. This number is then divided by a suitable safety factor to obtain a replacement time for the component. For aircraft components, such as landing gear, control surfaces, or engine rotor blades, the replacement time is usually defined in terms of allowable...
Abstract
This article discusses the fundamental variables involved in fatigue-life assessment, which describe the effects and interaction of material behavior, geometry, and stress history on the life of a component. It compares the safe-life approach with the damage-tolerance approach, which employs the stress-life method of fatigue life assessment. The article examines the behavior of three different metallic materials used in the design and manufacture of structural components: steel, aluminum, and titanium. It also reviews the effects of retardation and spectrum load on component life. The article concludes with case studies of fatigue life assessment from the aerospace industry.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003477
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... composite wing The V-22 Osprey aircraft is an innovative design that combines the advantages of the vertical takeoff and landing of a helicopter with the smooth, high-speed cruise and extended range of a fixed-wing airplane. The V-22 engines and propellers are vertically oriented for takeoff...
Abstract
This article provides information on the applications of fiber-reinforced composites in commercial and military aircrafts. It tabulates the composite components in various types of aircraft. The applications of the composites in the components of Boeing 727, 737, 757, 767, 777, and 777-200 are schematically illustrated.