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air-setting organic binders
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Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005354
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
.... inorganic binders organic binders air-setting organic binders gaseous catalysts liquid catalysts sodium silicates furan no-bake resins phenolic no-bake resins urethanes NO-BAKE SAND MOLDS are based on curing of inorganic or organic binders with either gaseous catalysts or liquid catalysts...
Abstract
No-bake sand molds are based on the curing of inorganic or organic binders with either gaseous catalysts or liquid catalysts. This article reviews the major aspects of no-bake sand bonding in terms of coremaking, molding methods, and sand processing. It discusses the points to be noted in handling sand-resin mixtures for no-bake molds or cones and lists some advantages of no-bake air-set cores and molds. The article describes the process procedures, advantages, and disadvantages of gas curing and air-setting hardening of sodium silicates. It examines the members of the air-setting organic binders, namely, furan no-bake resins, phenolic no-bake resins, and urethanes. The article provides an overview of gas-cured organic binders. It also illustrates the three commercial systems for sand reclamation: wet reclamation systems, dry reclamation systems, and thermal reclamation.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006297
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... in the inorganic binders and modern hot-air-cured sodium silicate systems appear to have addressed some of the shakeout and reclaimability issues, promising a bright future again in cast iron applications ( Ref 11 , 13 , 29 , 30 ). Cement Molding Cement molding is the oldest chemically bonded inorganic...
Abstract
Aggregate molding, or sand casting, is the gravity pouring of liquid metal into a mold that is made of a mixture molded against a permanent pattern. This article summarizes the most important materials in the process of sand casting of cast iron, including different types of molding aggregates, clays, water, and additives in green sand, chemically bonded organic resins, and inorganic binders in self-setting, thermosetting, and gas-triggered systems. It discusses three main types of reclamation systems: wet, dry, and thermal. The article concludes with a description of both nonpermanent and permanent mold processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003053
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
..., and then final viscosity measurements are performed before de-airing and casting. Organic polymers are common slip ingredients that serve a number of functions, such as dispersants, viscosity modifiers, plasticizers, and binders (in reference to their utility for improving green body strength). Aqueous...
Abstract
Ceramic-forming processes usually start with a powder which is then compacted into a porous shape, achieving maximum particle packing density with a high degree of uniformity. This article compares and contrasts several forming processes, including mechanical consolidation, dry pressing, cold isostatic pressing, slip casting, tape casting, roll compaction, extrusion, and injection molding. It describes the advantages, equipment and tooling, and material requirements of green machining, the machining of ceramics in an unfired state with the intent of producing parts as close to as possible to their final shape. The article also provides useful information on drying methods, shrinkage, and defects as well as the removal of organic processing aids such as dispersants, binders, plasticizers, and lubricants.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... advantages have resulted in their increased use. Organic zinc-rich coatings are most commonly formulated from epoxy polyamide and polyurethane binders. Alkyds have been used for some air-dry formulations, but they are most commonly used with baking formulations, notably in the automotive industry. Vinyl...
Abstract
The use of zinc in corrosion-protective coatings is due to its higher galvanic activity relative to that of steel. Pure zinc dust provides the best sacrificial protection to steel in a galvanic couple. Zinc-rich coatings can be subcategorized according to the type of binder material used, namely, inorganic and organic zinc-rich coatings. Common inorganic binders such as post-cured water-based alkali metal silicates, self-cured water-based alkali metal silicates, and self-cured solvent-based alkyl silicates, are reviewed. The article also compares inorganic and organic zinc-rich coatings, and discusses the concerns regarding zinc-rich coatings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006533
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... the resin and MDI, forming urethane bonds that rapidly set the mixture. The catalyst controls the speed of setting. In phenolic-ester-cured systems, the binder is a low-viscosity, highly alkaline phenolic resole resin, and the hardener is a liquid organic ester, which controls the speed of setting. Sand...
Abstract
Sand casting processes are typically classified according to the type of binder present in the molding sand mixture. This article discusses common sand casting processes and design considerations related to shape, gating, feeding, and pattern making methods. It describes the composition of sand and binder normally used, and provides information on the aluminum casting alloys produced. The article discusses precision sand casting and sand reclamation, and includes information on health and safety considerations.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006141
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... (or strands if a die with multiple orifices is used) is cooled as they are moved forward on a belt. The cooling is often accelerated through the use of forced air being blown over the strand(s) generally through the use of multiple air knives as it is traveling forward on a belt. The cooled strands...
Abstract
This article describes part selection, feedstock (powders and binders) characteristics and properties, tool design, and material and tooling for fabrication of metal powder injection molding (MIM) machines. It discusses the process parameters, operation sequence, molding machines, debinding techniques, consolidation (sintering) techniques, advantages, and limitations of MIM.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005242
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... and fines resistance (b) Flow ability (b) Air drying rate (a) Pouring smoke (a) Metals not recommended Ease of Reclaimability (b) °C °F Organic thermosetting resins Shell processes : F (shell) Dry blend H M L M F G H … G 260 500 F E N M...
Abstract
This article reviews the basic types of mold aggregates and bonding methods for expendable molds and coremaking. It provides an overview of mold media and the basic types of sands and their properties. The most significant clays used in green sand operations, such as bentonites, are discussed. The article describes the methods of sand bonding with inorganic compounds. It provides a description of resin-bonded sand systems: no-bake binder systems, heat-cured binder systems, and cold box binder systems. The article concludes with a discussion on the media used for expendable molds, namely, ceramic shells and rammed graphite, for casting reactive metals such as titanium or zirconium.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003172
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... with clay, resins, or silicate compounds. Because sand molds are permeable, the air displaced by the metal when it enters the mold can escape through the mold. Bonded Sand Molds In bonded sand molds, the sand particles are held together with chemical bonds. The bonds that are developed must be easily...
Abstract
This article discusses classification of foundry processes based on the molding medium, such as sand molds, ceramic molds, and metallic molds. Sand molds can be briefly classified into two types: bonded sand molds, and unbonded sand molds. Bonded sand molds include green sand molds, dry sand molds, resin-bonded sand molds, and sodium silicate bonded sand. The article describes the casting processes that use these molds, including the no-bake process, cold box process, hot box process, the CO2 process, lost foam casting process and vacuum molding process. The casting processes that use ceramic molds include investment casting, and plaster casting. Metallic molds are used in permanent mold casting, die casting, semisolid casting, and centrifugal casting.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003693
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
..., the inorganic zinc- rich coatings are more widely used. Zinc-Rich Coatings with Organic Binders Organic zinc-rich coatings are most commonly formulated from epoxy polyamide and polyurethane binders. Alkyds have been used for some air-dry formulations, but they are most commonly used with baking...
Abstract
This article describes the characteristics of zinc-rich coatings that can be subcategorized according to the type of binder material used. It discusses the formulations of zinc-rich coatings with organic binders. The three major groups of inorganic zinc-rich coatings categorized by the Society for Protective Coatings are also discussed. These include postcured water-based alkali metal silicates, self-cured water-based alkali metal silicates, and self-cured solvent-based alkyl silicates. The article concludes with information on comparisons of inorganic with organic zinc-rich coatings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006015
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... side by side with other powder coatings. Separate powder booths and air are a must in an enclosed area to avoid contamination. Any contamination will result in craters in the finish of parts having the other powder chemistries. Powders based on this binder system give excellent performance...
Abstract
Powder coatings are widely used by manufacturers as a finish of choice to enhance the appearance and performance of their products. This article begins with a discussion on advantages and disadvantages of powder coatings. It describes the selection of coating-types and uses of powder coatings in appliance industries, furniture industries, computer industries, fixture industries, architectural industries, automotive industries, agriculture and construction equipment industries, recreational equipment industries, and general industries. Powder coating formulations consist of binder systems, pigments, extenders, and additives. The basic process flow for the manufacture of powder coatings consists of premix, extrusion, grinding, and packing. The article also provides information on application of powder coatings, including pretreatment, deposition, and curing as well as on troubleshooting, trends and challenges for the powder coatings.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006053
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... carbon activity in the furnace and magnetic saturation of the sintered part. Excessive carbon left behind during binder burnout can increase carbon level on sintering. The magnetic saturation of sintered parts can be reduced if powder is exposed to air or humidity for an extended length of time due...
Abstract
Consolidation and shaping of grade powders is carried out using several methods, depending on the size, complexity, shape, and quantity of parts required. This article details the powder consolidation methods of carbide powders: uniaxial pressing, cold isostatic pressing, extrusion, green machining, and injection molding.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006056
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Method for Fisher Number of Metal Powders and Related Compounds Air Permeability 0.50–50 B430 – Standard Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Refractory Metal Powders and Related Compounds by Turbidimetry Turbidimetry N/A B761 – Standard Test Method for Particle Size Distribution...
Abstract
Quality control of cemented carbides includes the evaluation of physical and chemical properties of constituent raw material powders, powder blends/formulations, green compacts, and fully dense finished product. This article provides a summary of the underlying principles and size ranges for the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard methods of particle sizing and distribution. It presents the methods used to analyze the chemical composition of cemented carbide materials in a tabular form. The article also presents information on microstructural evaluation and physical and mechanical property evaluation of cemented carbides.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005243
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
..., loose wood pattern with very limited accuracy. Sand is packed around the pattern by hand, air rammer, or sand slingeres, and the pattern is withdrawn to form the cavity for the molten metal. Much of the tolerance potential of the process is lost by molder operations that fall into the category of art...
Abstract
Green sand molding and chemically bonded sand molding are considered to be the most basic and widely used mold-making processes. This article describes the sand system formulation, preparation, mulling, mold fabrication, and handling of green sand molds. It lists the advantages and disadvantages of green sand molding. The article discusses the primary control parameters for the sand system formulation. It describes two basic types of green sand molds: flask molds and flaskless molds. The article provides a discussion on molding problems, including springback and expansion defects. It considers a variety of sand reclamation systems, including wet washing/scrubbing and thermal-calcining/thermal-dry scrubbing combinations.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005249
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
...), the anhydride will absorb water and will revert to the hemihydrate. Similarly, when plaster of Paris (the hemihydrate) is mixed with water, gypsum (the dihydrate) is reestablished, yielding a coherent solid in a few minutes. This reaction is termed setting. Prolonged exposure of the hemihydrate to moist air...
Abstract
This article discusses slurry molding that encompasses two distinct processes: plaster molding and ceramic molding. Plaster mold casting is a specialized casting process used to produce nonferrous castings that have greater dimensional accuracy, smoother surfaces, and more finely reproduced detail. The article describes three generally recognized plaster mold processes, namely, conventional plaster mold casting, the Antioch process, and the foamed plaster process. Ceramic molding techniques are based on processes that employ permanent patterns and fine-grained zircon and calcined, high-alumina mullite slurries for molding. The Shaw process and the proprietary Unicast processes are also discussed.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005255
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... as a pneumatic unit with a closed, heated reservoir tank that is equipped with a thermostat, pressure regulator, heated valve, and nozzle and is connected to the shop air line for pressurization. A small die is held against the nozzle with one hand while the valve is operated with the other. Such machines...
Abstract
This article reviews the pattern materials used in investment casting, which can be loosely grouped into waxes and plastics. The patternmaking process, pattern tooling, and pattern and cluster assembly are described. The article also describes the manufacture of ceramic shell molds and cores, detailing the binders and other materials used, as well as the formulation and control of slurries. Methods for pattern removal, mold firing, melting, casting, postcasting treatment, and inspection are explained. After presenting design recommendations for investment castings, the article concludes with information on applications and special versions of the investment casting process.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006051
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... vehicle and binder are often used synonymously. A problem with many of the organic solvents used in coating formulations or added as thinners in the field is that, after evaporating from the coating film into the air, they can react with nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide in the presence...
Abstract
A coating can be defined as a substance spread over a surface to provide protection or to serve decorative purposes. This article discusses two industrial coating components, namely, nonvolatile components such as the resin or binder, pigments, and any additives that may be incorporated into the formulation; and volatile components such as solvents, or water in emulsions and their composition. It provides general information on volatile organic compounds. The article describes the film-forming mechanisms of various coating types, namely, lacquers, chemically converting coatings, latex coatings, alkyds and other resins, which cure by oxidation, moisture-curing polyurethanes and inorganic zinc primers, and powder coatings. The article concludes with a discussion on the functions of the primer, intermediate coat, and topcoat in coating systems.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003052
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... for castables Japan, United States, France, and United Kingdom Phosphoric acid … Permanent bond for low-temperature fired (400 °C, or 750 °F) refractories Commodity chemicals Sodium silicate … Air-setting bond for mortars Commodity chemical Tars/pitches … Bonding systems for carbon-containing...
Abstract
This article explains how ceramic powders are made. It begins by briefly describing the raw materials used in structural clay products, whitewares, refractories, and advanced ceramics. It then examines various additives that promote uniformity at different stages of the process. After a description of the comminution process (wet and dry milling methods), it discusses batching and mixing operations and granulation methods. The article also deals with the effect of process variables and the steps involved in chemical synthesis, including preparation from solution and gas-phase reactions, filtration and washing, and powder recovery techniques. It concludes with a discussion on characterization, centering on size distribution analysis, specific surface area, density, porosity chemical composition, phase, and surface composition.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005244
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... and to facilitate removal of the core from the casting during shakeout. Figure 1 illustrates various elements for coremaking by baking (perhaps by air-setting outside the core box). In the top row, core boxes are shown after compaction. In each of the middle and lower views, the core box has been inverted...
Abstract
Cores are separate shapes of sand that are placed in the mold to provide castings with contours, cavities, and passages that are not otherwise practical or physically obtainable by the mold. This article describes the basic principles of coremaking and the types of core sands, binders, and additives used in coremaking. It discusses the curing of compacted cores by core baking and the hot box processes. The article provides an overview of the core coatings, assembling and core setting, coring of tortuous passages, and cores in permanent mold castings and investment castings. It also discusses the design considerations in coremaking to eliminate cores and compares coring with drilling.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004108
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... in.); such thick films would not be possible in a paint containing volatile solvents, because the thickness of the film would prevent solvent evaporation. Paints can be classified by the type of binder or resin into categories: Air-drying oils (for example, linseed oil, alkyds) Lacquers (vinyls...
Abstract
Organic coatings are the principal means of corrosion control for the hulls and topsides of ships and for the splash zones on permanent offshore structures. This article describes surface preparation which is the most important consideration in determining the performance of organic coating systems. It contains a table that lists the uses and applicable standards for various surface preparation techniques. The article provides information on organic coatings in topside coating systems and reviews the importance of primers in the protection of steel substrates. It also explains the property requirements and the common types of immersion coatings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003692
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... monomers are widely used for coating such home appliances as refrigerators, washing machines, dryers, dishwashers, freezers, and air conditioners. The coatings have excellent adhesion and detergent resistance, and they have short curing times at relatively low curing temperatures. The major advantages...
Abstract
This article discusses the coating systems categorized by the generic type of binder or resin and grouped according to the curing or hardening mechanism inherent within that generic type. It focuses on the properties, advantages, and limitations of various autooxidative cross-linked resins, thermoplastic resins, and cross-linked thermosetting resins. The autooxidative cross-linked resins include alkyd resins and epoxy esters. The article examines the two types of coatings based on thermoplastic resins: those deposited by evaporation of a solvent, commonly called lacquers, and those deposited by evaporation of water, a class of coatings called water-borne coatings. The coatings that chemically cross link by copolymerization, including epoxies, unsaturated polyesters, urethanes, high-temperature curing silicones, and phenolic linings, are also described.