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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 39 Adaptive segmentation of the same image as Fig. 38 (a) Adaptive Otsu segmentation with 5 × 5 subimages, without interpolation. (b) Adaptive Otsu segmentation with 5 × 5 subimages, with interpolation More
Book Chapter

By Sidnei Paciornik, Marcos Henrique de Pinho Mauricio
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003757
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... and output of the image to a printer. The methods used to enhance the digital image and to extract quantitative information are also described. Different types of image segmentation, namely, adaptive segmentation and contour-based segmentation, are reviewed. The article also presents case studies...
Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 51 Discrimination of intragrain and grain-boundary precipitates. (a) Original image (SEM, BSE, 512 × 480). (b) After median filter to reduce noise and adaptive segmentation to reveal the precipitates. (c) After dilation, scrap, and logical AND to eliminate “lonely” precipitates. (d More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001470
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Abstract Efforts in improving the efficiency of automated equipment lead to combining automatic joining equipment with a modem computer technique eventually known as artificial intelligence (intelligent automation) that usually includes an off-line planning system and a real-time adaptive...
Book Chapter

By Yoram Koren
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002174
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... for programming the tools with the aid of the automatically programmed tool language. It also explains point-to-point and continuous-path or contouring of NC systems and the adaptive systems used for NC. adaptive systems computer numerical control direct numerical control machine tools numerical control...
Book Chapter

Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002172
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... will form continuous chips or segmented shear-localized chips, one way of defining high-speed machining is to relate it to the chip formation process (see the section “Mechanics of Chip Formation” in this article). Localized shear occurs when the negative effect on strength of increasing temperature due...
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... Methods Primarily because of rapid increases in the sales of wire electrical discharge machining and laser equipment, thermal processes have become the fastest-growing segment of the nontraditional market. Given the diversity of energy sources used in this category (electrons, photons, electrical...
Book Chapter

By Mahmoud Y. Demeri
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005122
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... forming can be segmented or contoured to apply equal stretch to all parts of the sheet as it is formed. The vertical adapter shown in Fig. 5 is used with a rotary table; it is fastened to the hydraulic cylinder used for applying tension to the blank. The adapter allows wiper shoes, rollers, and grippers...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005895
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... adaptable coil current frequency enabled a converter-fed crucible furnace with the same capacity to be operated at approximately three times the furnace power consumption and without heel, without lowering melting performance. In the case of channel furnaces, the furnace power levels able...
Book Chapter

By Don Tyler, Robert Pischel
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005260
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... in.) in diameter were produced from alloy AZ92A (UNS M11920) in a two-segment permanent mold with vertical parting. Copper Casting Alloys Copper casting alloys from the silicon bronze, aluminum bronze, and high-copper families are often cast in permanent molds. Alloys with a narrow solidification range...
Book Chapter

By Brigitte Clausen, Winfried Gräfen
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005793
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... low-pressure carburizing processes are possible. Because the carbon transfer in plasma carburizing processes is approximately as high as in a low-pressure carburizing process with acetylene as process gas, the process must be divided into carburizing and diffusing segments. The length...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006564
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... image is cropped to a region including a particular part. The cropped images are normalized to enhance the contrast of the gray scales by transforming the values using contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization ( Fig. 4 ). In each normalized image, the part is segmented from the unfused powder...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006852
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
... X X X … “X” denotes the capabilities of the software in question. Adapted from Ref 8 Conversion of Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine to Standard Tessellation Language After segmentation, the ROI is converted to a file that can be recognized by the printer, the most...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003758
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... stereological interpretation. As a consequence, one can easily adapt numerous stereological methods to the needs of automatic image analysis, as is shown by the examples in this article. In order to perform any measurements, the image has to be binarized, that is, transformed into binary form, which...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005900
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... induction vacuum-melting furnaces. Coil Design of Induction Vacuum Furnaces The requirements for the design and performance of an induction coil working under vacuum and inert gas conditions are different from those for standard air induction furnaces. The design of the induction coil must be adapted...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005504
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... input and used in the simulations. Three-Dimensional Characterization Methods The article by Kral et al. ( Ref 1 ) provides a detailed review of 3-D microscopy, from which much of this section is adapted, with additions where necessary to update certain advances in techniques and algorithms since...
Book Chapter

By Peter C. Collins, Hamish L. Fraser
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005455
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
...) and bcc materials (0.005 to 45 at.%). The nature of the model allows a first approximation of the temperature dependencies of solid-solution strengthening. The model is derived by considering the work required to move an edge dislocation from one linear segment of pinning solutes to the next linear...
Book Chapter

By Rafael Radkowski
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006439
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... one in order to further process the image. Binary image: A binary image represents the image content with either values of 0 or values of 1. Techniques to create a binary image are thresholding or adaptive thresholding: assuming the image channel is represented in a range between 0 to 255, one...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006568
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
..., Visualization, and Segmentation of Porosity In XCT, the projection at each angle is the Radon transform of the object along the projection line. The Radon transform, R , named after Johann Radon, is an important concept in tomography reconstruction, because it describes how to map an object onto...
Book Chapter

By J.T. Black
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... traveling in waves from the tool tip to the free surface. The lamella represents heavily deformed material that has been segmented by the shear fronts. When machined, all metals deform by this basic mechanism. The shear fronts relieve the applied stress. Fig. 3 Chip formation process viewed inside...