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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006400
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
..., lubricant oil analysis, acoustic emission testing, temperature monitoring, motor current signature analysis, and ultrasound emission. The article describes the evolution of condition-based maintenance in CM. It also describes the basics of integrated vehicle health management, a capability that enables...
Abstract
This article introduces the concept of condition monitoring (CM) and summarizes various techniques used for CM across the industrial sectors. The techniques include visual inspection, performance monitoring, vibration condition monitoring, vibration condition monitoring, lubricant oil analysis, acoustic emission testing, temperature monitoring, motor current signature analysis, and ultrasound emission. The article describes the evolution of condition-based maintenance in CM. It also describes the basics of integrated vehicle health management, a capability that enables a number of maintenance philosophies. The article concludes with a discussion on various condition monitoring in industrial sectors, including condition-monitoring techniques in nuclear power plants, road condition monitoring, and condition monitoring in wind turbines.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006454
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
...Abstract Abstract Acoustic emission is the generation of stress waves by sudden movement in stressed materials. This article begins with a comparison of acoustic emission from most other nondestructive testing (NDT) methods, and discusses the range of applicability of acoustic emission...
Abstract
Acoustic emission is the generation of stress waves by sudden movement in stressed materials. This article begins with a comparison of acoustic emission from most other nondestructive testing (NDT) methods, and discusses the range of applicability of acoustic emission. It describes the instrumentation principles of acoustic emission and reviews the role of acoustic emission in materials studies. The article illustrates the testing of metal-matrix composites (MMCs) using acoustic emission and the use of acoustic emission inspection in production quality control. It concludes with information on the structural test applications of acoustic emission inspection to find defects and to assess or ensure structural integrity.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003237
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
..., including laboratory testing, production testing, and structural testing. The article includes a section in which the characteristics of acoustic emission inspection are compared with other nondestructive testing methods. Further, it briefly reviews the key elements of the acoustic-emission instrumentation...
Abstract
Acoustic-emission inspection detects and analyzes minute acoustic-emission signals generated by discontinuities in materials under applied stress. This article discusses the types of acoustic emissions (continuous-type emissions and burst-type emissions) and applications, including laboratory testing, production testing, and structural testing. The article includes a section in which the characteristics of acoustic emission inspection are compared with other nondestructive testing methods. Further, it briefly reviews the key elements of the acoustic-emission instrumentation, which includes the acoustic-emission resonant sensor.
Book Chapter
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003436
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
...-ultrasonics, radiography, X-ray computed tomography, thermography, low-frequency vibration methods, acoustic emission, eddy current testing, optical holography, and shearography. The article presents some examples are for fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites. Many of the techniques have general...
Abstract
This article introduces the principal methodologies and some technologies that are being applied for nondestructive evaluation of composite materials. These include ultrasonic testing (UT), air-coupled UT, laser UT, ultrasonic spectroscopy, leaky lamb wave method, acousto-ultrasonics, radiography, X-ray computed tomography, thermography, low-frequency vibration methods, acoustic emission, eddy current testing, optical holography, and shearography. The article presents some examples are for fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites. Many of the techniques have general applicability to other types of composites such as metal-matrix composites and ceramic-matrix composites.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002363
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... and fatigue damage in the laboratory Acoustic emission Laboratory and in-field testing Ultrasonics Laboratory and in-field testing Eddy current Laboratory and in-field testing Infrared Laboratory and in-field testing Exoelectrons Residual life estimation in the laboratory Gamma...
Abstract
This article describes the test techniques that are available for monitoring crack initiation and crack growth and for obtaining information on fatigue damage in test specimens. These techniques include optical methods, the compliance method, electric potential measurement, and gel electrode imaging methods. The article discusses the magnetic techniques that are primarily used as inspection techniques for detecting fatigue cracks in structural components. It details the principles and operation procedures of the liquid penetrant methods, positron annihilation techniques, acoustic emission techniques, ultrasonic methods, eddy current techniques, infrared techniques, exoelectron methods, and gamma radiography. The article explains the microscopy methods used to determine fatigue crack initiation and propagation. These include electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning acoustic microscopy. The article also reviews the X-ray diffraction technique used for determining the compositional changes, strain changes, and residual stress evaluation during the fatigue process.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003317
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... condition, and equipment limitations. Various crack measurement techniques, including optical, ultrasonic, acoustic emission, electrical, and compliance methods, are also reviewed. The article discusses the two major aspects of FCGR test analysis: to ensure suitability of the test data and to calculate...
Abstract
Testing and characterization of fatigue crack growth are used extensively to predict the rate at which subcritical cracks grow due to fatigue loading. ASTM standard E 647 is the accepted guideline for fatigue crack growth testing (FCGR) and is applicable to a wide variety of materials and growth rates. The two most widely used types of specimens are the middle-crack tension and compact-type specimens. This article describes the factors affecting the selection of appropriate geometries of these specimens: consideration of material availability and raw form, desired loading condition, and equipment limitations. Various crack measurement techniques, including optical, ultrasonic, acoustic emission, electrical, and compliance methods, are also reviewed. The article discusses the two major aspects of FCGR test analysis: to ensure suitability of the test data and to calculate growth rates from the data.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003463
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... analysis of composites. These methods include radiography, ultrasonic techniques, acoustic emission, and thermograph. The article also provides information on destructive test techniques. composite matrix delamination destructive test failure modes fiber breakage matrix cracking nondestructive...
Abstract
Mechanical and environmental loadings cause a variety of failure modes in composites, including matrix cracking, fiber-matrix debonding, delamination between plies, and fiber breakage. This article summarizes visual analysis and nondestructive testing methods for the failure analysis of composites. These methods include radiography, ultrasonic techniques, acoustic emission, and thermograph. The article also provides information on destructive test techniques.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006478
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
...Abstract Abstract This article introduces the principal methodologies and some advanced technologies that are being applied for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites. These include acoustic emission, ultrasonic, eddy-current, computed tomography...
Abstract
This article introduces the principal methodologies and some advanced technologies that are being applied for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites. These include acoustic emission, ultrasonic, eddy-current, computed tomography, electromagnetic acoustic transducer, radiography, thermography, and low-frequency vibration methods. The article also provides information on NDE methods commonly used for metal-matrix composites.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001478
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... a one-time load that may not closely simulate all the conditions encountered in service, it may not accurately predict service life, especially if cyclic loadings are encountered in service. Acoustic Emission Acoustic emission ( Ref 7 ), when used alone or in conjunction with proof testing...
Abstract
This article outlines the requirements and methods associated with the inspection of brazements. It emphasizes the incorporation of these requirements into the overall quality system. The article reviews the acceptance limits, design limitations, and nondestructive and destructive inspection techniques involved in the brazement inspection. Selected case studies are also provided for further reference.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006457
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... or by acoustic emission testing with a hot-air gun or heat lamp to cause boiling or cavitation of the water ( Ref 7 , 8 , 9 ). Core corrosion and subsequent core-to-skin delamination is detectable by a variety of NDT methods, such as x-ray, contact ultrasonic ringing, sonic bond testers, eddy sonic, tap test...
Abstract
Adhesive-bonded joints are extensively used in aircraft components and assemblies where structural integrity is critical. This article addresses the problem of how to inspect bonded assemblies so that all discrepancies are identified. It describes several inspection techniques and presents drawbacks and limitations of these techniques. Generic flaw types and flaw-producing mechanisms are listed in a table. The article discusses metal-to-metal defects, adherend defects, honeycomb sandwich defects, repair defects, and in-service defects. It reviews the methods applicable to the inspection of bonded structures, including visual inspection, ultrasonic inspection, X-ray radiography, and neutron radiography. The evaluation and correlation of inspection results are also discussed. The article concludes with information on the effects of ultrasonic wave interference in the ultrasonic inspection of adhesive-bonded joints.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006827
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... Migration with Various Surface Finishes of Printed Circuit Boards , J. Electron. Mater. , Vol 49 (No. 1 ), 2020 , p 48 – 58 10.1007/s11664-019-07595-8 43. Grosse C.U. and Ohtsu M. , Acoustic Emission Testing , Springer , 2008 10.1007/978-3-540-69972-9 44. “ Test Methods...
Abstract
Due to the recent requirement of higher integration density, solder joints are getting smaller in electronic product assemblies, which makes the joints more vulnerable to failure. Thus, the root-cause failure analysis for the solder joints becomes important to prevent failure at the assembly level. This article covers the properties of solder alloys and the corresponding intermetallic compounds. It includes the dominant failure modes introduced during the solder joint manufacturing process and in field-use applications. The corresponding failure mechanism and root-cause analysis are also presented. The article introduces several frequently used methods for solder joint failure detection, prevention, and isolation (identification for the failed location).
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006449
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
...., magnetic flux-leakage, Hall-effect sensors, and magnetic-particle techniques), ultrasonic, acoustic emission, guided wave, laser testing, microwave, radiographic, thermal and infrared testing, x-ray diffraction, and visual inspection. Selection of the NDT method depends on product manufacturing...
Abstract
This article provides information on the application of nondestructive examination (NDE) technologies to tube and pipe products. These include modeling and simulation methods, eddy-current methods, magnetic methods, acoustic methods, and physical methods. A summary of nondestructive examination methods based on flaw type and product stage is presented in a table. The article also discusses in-service inspection of tubular products and presents an example that illustrates the importance of nondestructive testing (NDT) for welds in austenitic stainless steel tubing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.9781627081900
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005578
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... Accuracy by Pulse-Echo, Time-of-Flight Diffraction and Phased Array Mechanized Ultrasonic Testing Methods,” Tech. Rep. 45066CAP, Edison Welding Institute , 2002 9. Wang K.K. , Reif G.R. , and Oh S.K. , In-Process Quality Defection of Friction Welds Using Acoustic Emission...
Abstract
This article lists the system parameters of the friction welding process and describes the four categories of monitoring and control of the manufacturing process. It discusses the monitoring methods of a rotary friction welded sample, for determining in-process quality of ferrous alloys, and dissimilar metals using acoustic emission. The article reviews the feasibility of detecting the presence of ferrite during microstructural evolution of friction welding of three austenitic stainless steels: 310, 304, and 255. It also explains the in-process quality control of friction welding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005935
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... in cylindrical workpieces and detection of sound signals in the entire temperature range during the quenching process. This way, the influence of the workpiece surface temperature on the occurrence of film boiling and nucleate boiling can be observed. A measurement setup for capturing acoustic emission...
Abstract
This article focuses on the heat removal stages involved in quenching, and on the experimental setup used for measuring temperature and detecting sound signals with the help of illustrations and curves. The quenching process generates acoustic signals, which are the consequences of the phase transformation of steel and of the boiling process at the interface during the cooling process. The sound-pressure signal is captured by the hydrophone through sound-emission measurements that occur during steel quenching in different quenching media. The analysis of the results offers an interesting approach to evaluation and, more importantly, to monitoring, controlling, and optimizing the entire quenching process.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003845
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... , www.parabeam3d.com , accessed 2004 • Nonmetallic Piping and Piping Lined with Nonmetals , Process Piping, ASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31.3 , The American Society of Mechanical Engineers • “Recommended Practice for Acoustic Emission Testing of Fiberglass Tanks/Vessels,” Reinforced Plastics...
Abstract
This article describes the resin and fabrication requirements associated with fiberglass-reinforced plastic equipment. It provides a discussion on various resins and their resistance to various environments. These include polyester, epoxy, epoxy vinyl-ester, and furan and phenolic thermosetting resins. The article concludes with a discussion on the curing system of thermosetting resins.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001473
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
..., radiographic testing, and ultrasonic testing. Although visual inspection is not strictly a test method, it does have an important role in NDE procedures and is often the only inspection method used. Acoustic emission (AE) testing and leak testing are described separately, because they are somewhat different...
Abstract
This article describes the applications, methods, and limitations of five principal nondestructive test methods, namely, penetrant testing, magnetic-particle testing, eddy current testing, radiographic testing, and ultrasonic testing. The article also provides guidance for the method selection for respective applications.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006758
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
..., or there is a specific depth or thickness range that requires part inspection. A spherically concave probe that has a specific focal point can be used in these cases to obtain highly accurate and high-resolution UT measurements when compared to traditional UT probes. Acoustic emission testing is a UT method that can...
Abstract
The goal of using nondestructive evaluation (NDE) in conjunction with failure analysis is to obtain the most comprehensive set of data in order to characterize the details of the damage and determine the factors that allowed the damage to occur. The NDE results can be used to determine optimal areas upon which to focus for sectioning and metallography in order to further investigate the condition of the component. This article provides information on the inspection method available for failure analysis, including standard methods such as visual testing, penetrant testing, and magnetic particle testing. It covers the effects of various factors on the properties of the part that may impact failure analysis, describes the characterization of damage modes and crack sizes, and finally discusses the processes involved in application of NDE results to failure analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006557
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... investigations using noncontact techniques, such as spatially resolved microscopy ( Ref 67 ), laser ultrasonics ( Ref 9 , 80 ), and acoustic emission testing ( Ref 70 ), have shown great promise for investigating AM materials on an ex situ level. Ultrasonic characterization and inspection offers additional bulk...
Abstract
The formation of defects within additive-manufactured (AM) components is a major concern for critical structural and cyclic load applications. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of defect formation in fusion-based processes is important for prescribing the appropriate process parameters specific to the alloy system and selected processing technique. This article discusses the formation of defects within metal additive manufacturing, namely fusion-based processes and solid-state/sintering processes. Defects observed in fusion-based processes include lack of fusion, keyhole collapse, gas porosity, solidification cracking, solid-state cracking, and surface-connected porosity. The types of defects in solid-state/sintering processes are sintering porosity and improper binder burnout. The article also discusses defect-mitigation strategies, such as postprocess machining, surface treatment, and postprocessing HIP to eliminate defects detrimental to properties from the as-built condition. The use of noncontact thermal, optical, and ultrasound techniques for inspecting AM components are also considered. The final section summarizes the knowledge gap in our understanding of the defects observed within AM components.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005638
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... by acoustic frequencies generally less than 10 kHz. Hence, the core of acoustic emission (100 Hz to 20 kHz) relating to vaporization, plasma formation, instability, and mass motion of the melt pool in the keyhole is typically analyzed with quality monitoring ( Ref 9 ). The action of the molten pool...
Abstract
This article reviews weld quality monitoring considerations for two automotive materials, steel and aluminum, with a focus on photosensor technology. It provides an overview of the process description, process parameters, and weld characteristics of laser welding. The article discusses real-time or in-process monitoring, which is done with optical, acoustic, and/or charged-particle sensors. It highlights the advantages, applications, and selection criteria of weld monitoring system and concludes with examples of laser weld monitoring in the production of tailor-welded blanks.