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Russell D. Kane
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Anne E. Miller, Paul B. Fischer, Allen D. Feller, Tatyana N. Andryushchenko, Kenneth C. Cadien
By
William Corbett
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Rodney R. Boyer
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Barry C. Syrett, Otakar Jonas, Joyce M. Mancini
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Image
Flow-accelerated corrosion of carbon steel feedwater heater tubes. Courtesy...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
Fig. 13 Flow-accelerated corrosion of carbon steel feedwater heater tubes. Courtesy of Jonas, Inc.
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Image
Typical problems with digester weld overlays. Accelerated corrosive attack ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
Fig. 2 Typical problems with digester weld overlays. Accelerated corrosive attack on a stainless steel weld overlay lining in a kraft pulp digester vessel after 18 months of service. Localized furrow attack occurs between weld beads displaying rapid-etching (lean alloy) structure. Deposited
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Image
Splash-zone corrosion. Vehicular spray from the roadway accelerates corrosi...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 September 2015
Fig. 8 Splash-zone corrosion. Vehicular spray from the roadway accelerates corrosion on the steel located on the fascia beam of an overpass. Note accelerated corrosion on right side of the structure due to salt spray. Courtesy of KTA-Tator, Inc.
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004165
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... Abstract Complete vehicle accelerated corrosion testing on the proving ground is a mandatory testing tool among vehicle manufacturers around the globe. This article focuses on creating some awareness of the difficulty in applying reliable corrosion tests for all corrosion-sensitive automotive...
Abstract
Complete vehicle accelerated corrosion testing on the proving ground is a mandatory testing tool among vehicle manufacturers around the globe. This article focuses on creating some awareness of the difficulty in applying reliable corrosion tests for all corrosion-sensitive automotive systems at once. It describes the various factors for a complete vehicle testing, including wear from road grit, dirt, salt load, elevated temperatures, and mechanical effects such as chafing and fretting. The article discusses the four main test blocks, namely, driving sequence on various proving ground tracks, exposure of the vehicle in one or more ways to road deicing salts, static exposure to forced climatic conditions, and additional elements such as operating the mechanical systems of the vehicle, car washes, and so forth. It concludes with information on the major advantages and drawbacks of a full-service-life test.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004154
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
...-accelerated corrosion, oxygen pitting, chelant corrosion, caustic corrosion, acid corrosion, organic corrosion, phosphate corrosion, hydrogen damage, and corrosion-assisted cracking. boilers corrosion caustic corrosion organic corrosion corrosion prevention corrosion control hydrogen damage flow...
Abstract
This article briefly describes water and steam chemistry, which influence the effect of corrosion in boilers. The appropriate control measures to prevent corrosion in boilers are also presented. The article provides a discussion on the common causes of fluid-side corrosion such as flow-accelerated corrosion, oxygen pitting, chelant corrosion, caustic corrosion, acid corrosion, organic corrosion, phosphate corrosion, hydrogen damage, and corrosion-assisted cracking.
Image
Accelerated high-temperature sulfidic corrosion in 500 mm (20 in.) diameter...
Available to Purchase
in Corrosion in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Operations
> Corrosion: Environments and Industries
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 45 Accelerated high-temperature sulfidic corrosion in 500 mm (20 in.) diameter pipe of vacuum furnace outlet header due to droplet impingement at high vapor velocities
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Image
Accelerated aqueous chloride corrosion below inlet nozzle of crude tower ov...
Available to Purchase
in Corrosion in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Operations
> Corrosion: Environments and Industries
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 46 Accelerated aqueous chloride corrosion below inlet nozzle of crude tower overhead condenser due to droplet impingement. Note partial loss of carbon steel baffles and localized corrosion along top of admiralty metal (C44300) tubes.
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Book Chapter
Corrosion in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Operations
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004211
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... stress, and stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking. The article considers hydrogen attack, corrosion fatigue, and liquid metal embrittlement and the methods of combating them. It explains the causes of velocity-accelerated corrosion and erosion-corrosion. The article summarizes some corrective...
Abstract
This article presents the primary considerations and mechanisms for corrosion and explains how they are involved in the selection of materials for process equipment in refineries and petrochemical plants. It discusses the material selection criteria for a number of ferrous and nonferrous alloys used in petroleum refining and petrochemical applications. The article reviews the mechanical properties, fabricability, and corrosion resistance of refinery steels. It describes low- and high-temperature corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement, and cracking such as stress-corrosion, sulfide stress, and stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking. The article considers hydrogen attack, corrosion fatigue, and liquid metal embrittlement and the methods of combating them. It explains the causes of velocity-accelerated corrosion and erosion-corrosion. The article summarizes some corrective measures that can be implemented to control corrosion. The applicable standards for materials used in corrosive service conditions in upstream and downstream petroleum service are presented in a tabular form.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003819
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... consistent durability in all types of atmospheric exposure, including industrial, rural, and marine. The article tabulates the corrosion of lead in various natural outdoor atmospheres and the corrosion of lead alloys in various soils. It explains the factors that influence in initiating or accelerating...
Abstract
The rate and form of corrosion that occur in a particular situation depend on many complex variables. This article discusses the rate of corrosion of lead in natural and domestic water depending on the degree of water hardness caused by calcium and magnesium salts. Lead exhibits consistent durability in all types of atmospheric exposure, including industrial, rural, and marine. The article tabulates the corrosion of lead in various natural outdoor atmospheres and the corrosion of lead alloys in various soils. It explains the factors that influence in initiating or accelerating corrosion: galvanic coupling, differential aeration, alkalinity, and stray currents. The resistance of lead and lead alloys to corrosion by a wide variety of chemicals is attributed to the polarization of local anodes caused by the formation of a relatively insoluble surface film of lead corrosion products. The article also provides information on the corrosion rate of lead in chemical environments.
Book Chapter
Chemical-Mechanical Planarization for Semiconductors
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003600
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Abstract Chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) of metals is described as mechanically accelerated corrosion, erosion corrosion, or metallic corrosion enhanced by wear. This article reviews the history, process, chemistry, electrochemistry, and defect issues for CMP. It provides an overview...
Abstract
Chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) of metals is described as mechanically accelerated corrosion, erosion corrosion, or metallic corrosion enhanced by wear. This article reviews the history, process, chemistry, electrochemistry, and defect issues for CMP. It provides an overview of CMP through a schematic illustration of CMP process equipment. The applications of CMP to tungsten and copper alloys are of prime interest in the semiconductor industry. The article discusses copper CMP and tungsten CMP in detail and analyzes polishing mechanism during CMP by application of direct current potentiodynamic polarization and alternating current impedance measurements. It concludes with information on chemically induced defects such as pitting corrosion, galvanic corrosion, and chemical etching.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003703
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
.... It details the functional requirements, such as design and materials selection, which assist in controlling corrosion in different environments. The article also illustrates the design factors that accelerate corrosion. corrosion design considerations corrosion control UNEXPECTED and frequently...
Abstract
Unexpected and frequently costly failures occur due to the lack of sound and reliable engineering design. Therefore, designing against corrosion is essential for reducing such failures. This article provides a discussion on design considerations and general corrosion awareness. It details the functional requirements, such as design and materials selection, which assist in controlling corrosion in different environments. The article also illustrates the design factors that accelerate corrosion.
Book Chapter
Qualification Testing for Coating System Selection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006026
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
...-generated data versus independently generated data are discussed. The article provides information on accelerated corrosion/weathering testing and nuclear level 1/level 2 service coatings qualification. It also describes the procedures for establishing minimum performance requirements and for determining...
Abstract
Independent verification of coating system performance can be based on laboratory testing and/or field exposure. Qualification testing is a critical component to coating system selection. This article focuses on performance evaluations that are used to prequalify coating systems, namely, facility-specific, industry-specific, coating-type-specific, or a combination of these. It describes the standard laboratory tests used to generate performance data, namely, physical, compositional, chemical exposure, and application characteristics tests. The pros and cons of using manufacturer-generated data versus independently generated data are discussed. The article provides information on accelerated corrosion/weathering testing and nuclear level 1/level 2 service coatings qualification. It also describes the procedures for establishing minimum performance requirements and for determining when requalification testing may be required.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... Abstract Stray current can be defined as a current in structures that are underground or immersed in an electrolyte that most often accelerate corrosion on a structure where a positive current leaves the structure to enter the earth or an electrolyte. This article provides a description...
Abstract
Stray current can be defined as a current in structures that are underground or immersed in an electrolyte that most often accelerate corrosion on a structure where a positive current leaves the structure to enter the earth or an electrolyte. This article provides a description of the principles of stray current and a discussion on the major types of stray current and their properties and prediction methods. It discusses the consequences of stray current and describes the interference tests used for mapping the path of the stray currents. The article also highlights the methods of mitigating the source of stray current.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004122
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... of Corrosion Control The entire vehicle shall be evaluated for corrosion control by the accelerated corrosion test (ACT). The specified number of cycles that represents the vehicle service life is specified in the contract. For less than complete vehicles, the cyclic corrosion test per GM 9540P...
Abstract
This article presents a discussion on the U.S army's position on corrosion control for wheeled tactical vehicles. It addresses the army requirement for corrosion control. The U.S. Army Tank-automotive and Armaments Command (TACOM) defines the corrosion prevention and control requirements in the procurement document. The article summarizes requirements from a procurement document. As required by the procurement contract, corrosion-control technologies used in a vehicle system need to be evaluated to determine their benefit. The article provides information on testing systems, which help to meet the army's needs. It includes information on supplemental corrosion protection, which improves the corrosion resistance of a material.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003608
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Abstract Stray-current corrosion is an accelerated form of corrosion caused by externally induced electric current. It can occur in unprotected pipelines and submerged metal structures located near electric power sources or anywhere voltage differences exist. This article describes common...
Abstract
Stray-current corrosion is an accelerated form of corrosion caused by externally induced electric current. It can occur in unprotected pipelines and submerged metal structures located near electric power sources or anywhere voltage differences exist. This article describes common scenarios and sources of stray current along with ways to detect it and prevent the type of corrosion it can cause.
Book Chapter
Corrosion Resistance of Titanium and Titanium Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003142
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract This article discusses corrosion resistance of titanium and titanium alloys to different types of corrosion, including galvanic corrosion, crevice corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), erosion-corrosion, cavitation, hot salt corrosion, accelerated crack propagation, and solid...
Abstract
This article discusses corrosion resistance of titanium and titanium alloys to different types of corrosion, including galvanic corrosion, crevice corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), erosion-corrosion, cavitation, hot salt corrosion, accelerated crack propagation, and solid and liquid metal embrittlement. A short section discusses the addition of alloys that can improve the corrosion resistance of titanium.
Image
in Corrosion of Metal Artifacts Displayed in Outdoor Environments
> Corrosion: Environments and Industries
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 3 Galvanic corrosion between copper and wrought iron on the Statue of Liberty , causing accelerated corrosion of the iron
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Book Chapter
Corrosion in the Condensate-Feedwater System
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004152
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... into the feedwater and become harmful to boilers and turbines. Some designs of air-cooled condensers are subject to flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC) on the steam side, particularly at the transitions from headers to condenser tubes. During startups early in the life of the condenser, the condensate may...
Abstract
This article addresses the major heat-transfer components of the water-steam loop of a power plant. It describes the various types of condensers, including water-cooled condensers and air-cooled condensers. The article explains the corrosion mechanisms encountered in the condensers, including erosion-corrosion, galvanic corrosion, and pitting corrosion. It discusses the types of deaerators and deals with their corrosion problems. The article provides a discussion on two types of feedwater heaters: channel feedwater heaters and header feedwater heaters. It summarizes the corrosion problems associated with common feedwater heater tube materials.
Image
Carbon steel pipe sections exhibiting surface pattern (scalloped, orange-pe...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 52 Carbon steel pipe sections exhibiting surface pattern (scalloped, orange-peel) typically observed on components subject to deterioration due to flow-accelerated corrosion
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Image
Schematic of atomic level defects according to Murr ( Ref 21 ). Under equil...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 November 2018
Fig. 2 Schematic of atomic level defects according to Murr ( Ref 21 ). Under equilibrium conditions, anodic charge is naturally concentrated at surface asperities, accelerating corrosion at these preferred sites across the substrate. Source: Ref 6 , reprinted by permission from Springer
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