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absorbed beam power
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005627
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... constant power density boundaries, showing the relationship between the focused beam diameter and the absorbed beam power for approximate regions of keyhole-mode welding, conduction-mode welding, cutting, and drilling. absorbed beam power conduction-mode welding cutting drilling electron beam...
Abstract
This article provides a history of electron and laser beam welding, discusses the properties of electrons and photons used for welding, and contrasts electron and laser beam welding. It presents a comparison of the electron and laser beam welding processes. The article also illustrates constant power density boundaries, showing the relationship between the focused beam diameter and the absorbed beam power for approximate regions of keyhole-mode welding, conduction-mode welding, cutting, and drilling.
Image
in Introduction to High Energy Density Electron and Laser Beam Welding
> Welding Fundamentals and Processes
Published: 31 October 2011
Fig. 4 Constant power density boundaries showing the relationship between the focused beam diameter and the absorbed beam power for approximate regions of keyhole-mode welding, conduction-mode welding, cutting, and drilling
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001731
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... 2) P P 0 = e − k b where P is the radiant power transmitted (not absorbed) by a sample of thickness b, P 0 is the radiant power incident on the sample, and k is a constant. Terms and symbols used in UV/VIS absorption spectroscopy Table 1 Terms and symbols used...
Abstract
Ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) absorption spectroscopy is a powerful yet cost-effective tool that is widely used to identify organic compounds and to measure the concentration of principal and trace constituents in liquid, gas, and solid test samples. This article emphasizes the quantitative analysis of elements in metals and metal-bearing ores. The instrumentation required for such applications consists of a light source, a filter or wavelength selector, and some type of visual or automated sensing mechanism. The article examines common sensing options and provides helpful information on how to set up and run a variety of UV/VIS absorption tests.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005641
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... information on independent process variables such as incident laser beam power and diameter, laser beam spatial distribution, traverse speed, shielding gas, depth of focus and focal position, weld design, and gap size. Dependent variables, including depth of penetration, microstructure and mechanical...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the fundamentals, mechanisms, process physics, advantages, and limitations of laser beam welding. It describes the independent and dependent process variables in view of their role in procedure development and process selection. The article includes information on independent process variables such as incident laser beam power and diameter, laser beam spatial distribution, traverse speed, shielding gas, depth of focus and focal position, weld design, and gap size. Dependent variables, including depth of penetration, microstructure and mechanical properties of laser-welded joints, and weld pool geometry, are discussed. The article also reviews the various injuries and electrical and chemical hazards associated with laser beam welding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006502
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... absorbs and scatters the laser beam. It is therefore necessary to remove or suppress plasma. The higher the power, the more clearly the phenomenon can be observed. This negative effect of plasma can be reduced by diluting it with injection of high-ionization-potential gas, such as helium, argon, nitrogen...
Abstract
Most welding lasers fall into the category of fiber, disc, or direct diode, all of which can be delivered by fiber optic. This article provides a comparison of the energy consumptions and efficiencies of laser beam welding (LBW) with other major welding processes. It discusses the two modes of laser welding: conduction-mode welding and deep-penetration mode welding. The article reviews the factors of process selection and procedure development for laser welding. The factors include power density, interaction time, laser beam power, laser beam diameter, laser beam spatial distribution, absorptivity, traverse speed, laser welding efficiency, and plasma suppression and shielding gas. The article concludes with a discussion on laser cutting, laser roll welding, and hybrid laser welding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001445
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... power for a 5 kW CO 2 laser. The base metal is Ti-6Al-4V. Source: Ref 17 Shielding Gas The plasma produced during laser welding absorbs and scatters the laser beam. It is necessary, therefore, to remove or suppress plasma. The higher the power, the more clearly the phenomenon can...
Abstract
Laser-beam welding (LBW) is a joining process that produces coalescence of material with the heat obtained from the application of a concentrated coherent light beam impinging upon the surface to be welded. This article describes the steps that must be considered when selecting the LBW process. It reviews the individual process variables that influence procedure development of the LBW process. Joint design and special practices related to LBW are discussed. The article concludes with a discussion on the use of consumables and special welding practices.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006545
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... . This allows formation of a small, deep melt pool, the geometry of which can be precisely controlled via the beam size, power, and translation speed. The range of available powers and beam sizes also enables both high-deposition-rate processes, capable of building kilograms per hour, or fine-focused processes...
Abstract
Fusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) processes rely on the formation of a metallurgical bond between a substrate and a feedstock material. Energy sources employed in the fusion AM process include conventional arcs, lasers, and electron beams. Each of these sources is discussed, with an emphasis on their principles of operation, key processing variables, and the influence of each source on the transfer of heat and material. Common energy sources used for metals AM processes, particularly powder-bed fusion and directed-energy deposition, are also discussed. Brief sections at the end of the article discuss the factors dictating the choice of each of these energy sources and provide information on alternative sources of AM.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001370
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
.... It provides information on the applications of microwelding with pulsed solid-state lasers. The article describes the modes of laser welding such as conduction-mode welding and deep-penetration-mode welding, as well as major independent process variables for laser welding, such as laser-beam power, laser-beam...
Abstract
Laser-beam welding (LBW) uses a moving high-density coherent optical energy source, called laser, as the source of heat. This article discusses the advantages and limitations of LBW and tabulates energy consumption and efficiency of LBW relative to other selected welding processes. It provides information on the applications of microwelding with pulsed solid-state lasers. The article describes the modes of laser welding such as conduction-mode welding and deep-penetration-mode welding, as well as major independent process variables for laser welding, such as laser-beam power, laser-beam diameter, absorptivity, and traverse speed. It concludes with information on various hazards associated with LBW, including electrical hazards, eye hazards, and chemical hazards.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005106
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... axial flow, transverse flow, and fast axial flow and reviews the applications of Nd:YAG laser. The article describes the basic parameters in the laser-cutting process: beam quality, power, travel speed, nozzles design, and focal-point position. Several material conditions that affect the quality...
Abstract
Cutting with lasers is accomplished with carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers. This article provides a description of the process variables and principles of laser cutting. It discusses the three basic types of CO 2 gas lasers, namely, slow axial flow, transverse flow, and fast axial flow and reviews the applications of Nd:YAG laser. The article describes the basic parameters in the laser-cutting process: beam quality, power, travel speed, nozzles design, and focal-point position. Several material conditions that affect the quality of the laser cut are also discussed. The article provides information on the basic laser-cutting system and its optional equipment. A general description of how well each metal group can be cut is also provided.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003042
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... for cutting for two reasons: They produce large amounts of power in the form of light and they produce this light in parallel beams that can be focused to small spots. Focusing Laser Beams A CO 2 laser with an output of 1500 W generally emits a beam about 20 mm (0.8 in.) in diameter. The power density...
Abstract
This article describes the use of conventional machining techniques, laser cutting and water-jet cutting for producing finished composite parts. It explains two representative polymer-matrix composites--graphite and aramid composites--and discusses the machining and drilling problems such as delamination and fiber or resin pullout. The article describes machining and drilling techniques and the necessary tools and cutting parameters. It presents a description of laser cutting. The article also provides information on the advantages, disadvantages, cutting characteristics, and applications of water-jet cutting and abrasive water-jet cutting.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001398
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... configurations of production lasers were of the “blind” (no feedback) type. The system included a laser programmed for power, as well as length of heat injection time. The focal spot of the laser beam was brought to impinge on the target by moving either the target itself or the laser beam, or a combination...
Abstract
Laser soldering uses a well-focused, highly controlled beam to deliver energy to a desired location for a precisely measured length of time. This article focuses on two types of laser soldering operations, namely, blind laser soldering and intelligent laser soldering. It discusses the function of the blind laser soldering and provides a brief description on key attributes of the blind laser soldering, including repeatability, speed, quality, safety, and flexibility. The article explores the function of the intelligent laser soldering and concludes with a section on key attributes of the intelligent laser soldering. The key attributes of the intelligent laser soldering include repeatability, speed, quality, safety, cost, and flexibility.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001332
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... in Fig. 3 can be generated. Heat sources with power densities that are of the order of 1000 W/cm 2 , such as oxyacetylene flames or electro-slag welding, require interaction times of 25 s with steel, whereas laser and electron beams, at 1 MW/cm 2 , need interaction times on the order of only 25 μs...
Abstract
Welding and joining processes are essential for the development of virtually every manufactured product. This article discusses the fundamentals of fusion welding processes, with an emphasis on the underlying scientific principles. It reviews the role of energy-source intensity and the width of the heat-affected zone in fusion welding processes. The article contains figures from which the properties of any heat source can be estimated readily.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006448
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... the energy or penetrating power of the x-ray beam The tube current, which is directly related to filament temperature and is usually referred to as the milliamperage of the tube The strength, or radiation output, of the beam, is approximately proportional to milliamperage, which is used as one...
Abstract
Radiography is the process or technique of producing images of a solid material on a paper/photographic film or on a fluorescent screen by means of radiation particles or electromagnetic waves of short wavelength. This article reviews the general characteristics and safety principles associated with radiography. There are two main aspects of safety: monitoring radiation dosage and protecting personnel. The article summarizes the major factors involved in both and discusses the operating characteristics of X-ray tubes. It describes the various methods of controlling scattered radiation: use of lead screens; protection against backscatter and scatter from external objects; and use of masks, diaphragms, collimators, and filtration. The article concludes with a discussion on image conversion media, including recording media, lead screens, lead oxide screens, and fluorescent intensifying screens.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006748
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
..., results in image degradation. Such errors wavelength is minimized. See also achro- emission, absorbance, and conductivity) may be chromatic, spherical, astigmatic, matic and apochromatic lens. and (2) the concentration or mass of the sub- comatic, distortion, or curvature of eld stance being measured...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001730
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... begin to absorb appreciably. Continuum-Source Background Correction The first method devised to accomplish background correction was the Koirtyohann/Pickett system ( Ref 13 ), which uses light from an auxiliary continuum source lamp as a reference beam ( Fig. 8 ). A low-pressure, molecular...
Abstract
Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) is generally used for measuring relatively low concentrations of approximately 70 metallic or semimetallic elements in solution samples. This article describes several features that are common to three techniques, namely, AAS, atomic emission spectrometry (AES), and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). It discusses the reasons for the extreme differences in AAS sensitivities that affect AFS and AES. The article provides information on the advantages and disadvantages of the Smith/Hieftje system and two types of background correction systems, namely, the continuum-source background correction and Zeeman background correction. It also provides a list of applications of conventional AAS equipment, which includes most of the types of samples brought to laboratories for elemental analyses.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005513
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... by the particles in the power jet prior to reaching the substrate surface. A part of the laser energy is reflected by the substrate, which is intercepted by the powder jet particles. The process repeats until the reflected energy escapes the deposit region. When material absorbs laser energy, its temperature...
Abstract
Additive manufacturing produces a change in the shape of a substrate by adding material progressively. This article discusses the simulation of laser deposition and three principal thermomechanical phenomena during the laser deposition process: absorption of laser radiation; heat conduction, convection, and phase change; and elastic-plastic deformation. It provides a description of four sets of data used for modeling and simulation of additive manufacturing processes, namely, material constitutive data, solid model, initial and boundary conditions, and laser deposition process parameters. The article considers three aspects of simulation of additive manufacturing: simulation for initial selection of process parameter setup, simulation for in situ process control, and simulation for ex situ process optimization. It also presents some examples of computational mechanics solutions for automating various components of additive manufacturing simulation.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005638
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
...—are plotted in Fig. 13 for a peak laser power of 1200 W over 10 ms. From the data plot, the stages are: The initial laser beam is reflected by the material, until enough energy has been absorbed to initiate a keyhole. Within 0.8 ms, the reflected laser power has reached its maximum, whereupon...
Abstract
This article reviews weld quality monitoring considerations for two automotive materials, steel and aluminum, with a focus on photosensor technology. It provides an overview of the process description, process parameters, and weld characteristics of laser welding. The article discusses real-time or in-process monitoring, which is done with optical, acoustic, and/or charged-particle sensors. It highlights the advantages, applications, and selection criteria of weld monitoring system and concludes with examples of laser weld monitoring in the production of tailor-welded blanks.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005204
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... and former Soviet bloc countries are the production of steel ingots weighing 3.3 to 18 Mg (3.6 to 20 tons) using electron beams of up to 1200 kW. Furnaces of up to 4200 kW in electron beam power have been used since 1982 for recycling titanium scrap to produce 16 Mg (17.5 ton) slabs 1420 mm (56 in.) wide...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005630
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... a safety factor. For a single-mode fiber optic, the beam has a Gaussian power density distribution profile. Measurements of the beam diameter to determine the NA are based on the outline that contains approximately 86.5% of the total beam power. See Fig. 3 and 4 for the case where r / w = 1.0 ( r...
Abstract
Properly designed beam-delivery optics is essential to quality of the beam acting on the workpiece and to the economics of the manufacturing process. This article describes the design considerations of laser beam delivery optics. It also reviews the manufacturing economics and presents two case studies of typical economic environments found in laser welding applications.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006532
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... in continuous wave (CW) mode and pulse mode. The spatial mode profile of the beam is characterized by transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode ( Ref 19 ). There are various spatial modes that differ due to different resonator design. The Gaussian power distribution with fundamental TEM 00 (the subscripts denote...
Abstract
This article focuses on a variety of laser beam machining (LBM) operations of aluminum and its alloys, namely, laser cutting, laser drilling, laser milling, laser turning, laser grooving, laser scribing, laser marking, and laser micromachining. It presents different approaches for carrying out machining operations, laser processing parameters, efficiency and accuracy of the process, and the effect of laser processing parameters on the quality of the machined surface. The article provides an overview of the various conventional (chip forming) and nonconventional machining techniques employed for aluminum-based materials. A comparison of the various aspects of LBM with other non-conventional techniques is also presented. The article also describes the features of LBM techniques employed for aluminum and its alloys for different types of machining.