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Y-junction
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Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 13 Two practical methods of revising Y-junctions to T-junctions, to reduce the mass of metal at the junctions. With all walls the same thickness and all radii equal, in (a) the circle inscribed in the Y-junction is approximately 23 percent larger than the circle inscribed in the T
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 9 Comparison of defects obtained in Y-junctions produced under controlled conditions to encourage the defects. Section size of tests: 3 by 3 in. Members intersect at 60 degrees.
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 14 Y-junctions caused porosity in this 17-4 PH stainless steel investment casting. (a) Revising to T-junctions. (b) eliminated the cause of the defects.
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Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009024
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract In most castings, there are junctions between intersecting component members. This article describes how defects can be eliminated in five types of junctions in steel castings, namely the L-junction, T-junction, V-junction, X-junction, and Y-junction. It also discusses design...
Abstract
In most castings, there are junctions between intersecting component members. This article describes how defects can be eliminated in five types of junctions in steel castings, namely the L-junction, T-junction, V-junction, X-junction, and Y-junction. It also discusses design considerations for junctions in aluminum castings and provides a comparison between the T-junction and Y-junction. Finally, the article illustrates recommended methods for minimizing defects where sections of unequal thickness form a junction.
Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 12 Comparison of the mass of metal of Y- and T-junctions with all walls the same thickness and all radii equal. The inscribed circle in the Y-junction (a) is about 35 percent larger than inscribed circle in junction (b).
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Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 4 Redesign of casting to minimize heat concentration. (a) Design has numerous hot spots (X junctions) that will cause the casting to distort. (b) Improved design using Y junctions.
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Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 2 Redesign of a casting to minimize heat concentration. (a) Design has numerous hot spots (X-junctions) that will cause the casting to distort. (b) Improved design using Y junctions
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Image
Published: 01 January 1997
Fig. 2 Redesign of a casting to minimize heat concentration. (a) Design has numerous hot spots (X junctions) that will cause the casting to distort. (b) Improved design using Y junctions. Source: Ref 6
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005422
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... = ∑ i n γ i ⋅ ( t x i t y i ) − M ( φ ) i ( n x i n y i ) Δ s i Fig. 12 Triple junctions, (a) Variables used for calculation of triple-junction velocity. (b) The torque caused by the dependency...
Abstract
This article reviews network models and their applications for the simulation of various physical phenomena related to grain-boundary migration. It discusses the steps involved in the implementation of two and three-dimensional network models, namely, acquisition and discretization of the microstructure, formulation of the equation of motion, and implementation of the topological transformations. The article presents examples that illustrate the simulation of physical phenomena to demonstrate the predictive power and flexibility of network models.
Image
Published: 15 December 2019
Fig. 60 Thin film of Y-Ba-Cu-O patterned by a focused ion beam (FIB) to make a Josephson junction. In applications such as these, sputtering by the FIB is not essential; the ion beam need only disrupt the otherwise critical atomic structure through displacements.
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Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003176
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... concentration. (a) Design has numerous hot spots (X-junctions) that will cause the casting to distort. (b) Improved design using Y junctions Concave corners concentrate heat, so they freeze later and more slowly than straight sections, while convex corners lose heat faster and freeze sooner and more...
Abstract
This article provides general guidelines for casting design to provide progressive solidification, minimize heat concentration, eliminate cores, and prevent distortion. Casting design also affects tolerances. Casting tolerances depend on the alloy being poured, the size of the casting, and the molding method used. Designers can predict the effect of the design on the structure of the final part using solidification simulation models, namely finite element and finite difference models, and rapid prototyping. The article concludes with a short note on how the quality is assured in the foundry.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005507
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... misorientation and boundary plane, the geometrically necessary dislocation content is given by Frank's rule ( Ref 5 ): (Eq 1) B = Σ c i ( Y ) b i = 2 sin ω 2 ( Y × a ) where Y is an arbitrary vector in the grain boundary; B is the closure failure...
Abstract
Grain boundaries are interfaces between crystallites of the same phase but different crystallographic orientation. They can be characterized as being low angle or high angle. This article discusses the measurements of grain-boundary energy with a brief summary of different schemes for measuring grain-boundary surface tension. The atomistic simulations of grain-boundary energy, measurement of grain-boundary migration and the techniques used to monitor grain-boundary migration are reviewed. Several considerations and effects influencing the computation of grain-boundary mobility are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001109
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... ( Δ φ ) = I / I cj where I is the transport current through the junction, I cj is the critical current of the junction; this current is much smaller than the critical current of the bulk material. This is the dc Josephson effect ( Fig. 21 ). Fig. 21 Current-voltage...
Abstract
Superconductivity has been found in a wide range of materials, including pure metals, alloys, compounds, oxides, and organic materials. Providing information on the basic principles, this article discusses the theoretical background, types of superconductors, and critical parameters of superconductivity. It discusses the magnetic properties of selected superconductors and types of stabilization, including cryogenic stability, adiabatic stability, and dynamic stability. The article also focuses on alternating current losses in superconductors, including hysteresis loss, penetration loss, eddy current loss, and radio frequency loss. Furthermore, the article describes the flux pinning phenomenon and Josephson effects.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009015
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... design using Y junctions. Concave corners concentrate heat, so they freeze later and more slowly than straight sections, while convex corners lose heat faster, and freeze sooner and more quickly than straight sections. In designing a casting, the designer should use properties from test bars...
Abstract
This article provides a general introduction on casting processes and design techniques. It discusses the process steps and methods of the main categories of shape casting methods, namely, expendable molds with permanent patterns, expendable molds with expendable patterns, and metal or permanent mold processes. The article lists the general guidelines of geometry in casting design. It describes the three separate contractions that are a result of cooling: liquid-liquid contraction, solid-solid contraction, and liquid-solid contraction. Factors influencing the solidification sequence of simple shapes, such as T-sections, X-sections, and L-sections, are discussed. The article also presents an overview of geometric factors that influence heat transfer and transport phenomena. It concludes with a description of the structure and properties of castings.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005221
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
.... and Campbell J. , Trans. Jpn. Foundrymen's Soc. , Vol 13 , Nov 1999 , p 38 – 49 10. Kang X. , Li D. , Xia L. , Campbell J. , and Li Y. , Shape Casting: The John Campbell Symposium , Tiryakioglu M. and Crepeau P.N. , Ed., TMS , 2005 , p 377 – 384 11...
Abstract
This article introduces filling and feeding concepts from the general perspective of what constitutes a good casting practice. It briefly reviews the concepts that may help to clarify and quantify objectives for more effective mold-filling designs. The article describes the preprimed filling system through various partial solutions to the prepriming approach. It discusses the six individual parts of the naturally pressurized filling system, namely, offset stepped pouring basin, sprue, sprue/runner junction, runner, gates, and feeding via feeders. The article also lists the key features of the system.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005428
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... conditions are periodic in the x -direction and fixed in the y -direction. There are two boundary misorientations in the system: θ 1 is the misorientation angle of the A/B and A/C boundaries, and θ 2 is the misorientation angle of the B/C boundaries. There are two triple junctions in the system...
Abstract
The misorientation of a boundary of a growing grain is defined not only by its crystallography but also by the crystallography of the grain into which it is growing. This article focuses on the Monte Carlo Potts model that is typically used to model grain growth, Zener-Smith pinning, abnormal grain growth, and recrystallization. It introduces the basics of the model, providing details of the dynamics, simulation variables, boundary energy, boundary mobility, pinning systems, and stored energy. The article explains how to incorporate experimental parameters and how to validate the model by comparing the observed behavior quantitatively with theory. The industrial applications of the model are also discussed. The article also provides a wide selection of the algorithms for implementing the Potts model, such as boundary-site models, n -fold way models, and parallel models, which are needed to simulate large-scale industrial applications.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001114
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... based on the production of an oxide powder precursor, which is then subjected to various processing and heat treatment schedules. Processing of Primary Oxide Compounds Y-Ba-Cu-O (YBCO) Systems The worldwide efforts on producing wire and tape have concentrated for the most part on the YBa 2 Cu...
Abstract
The discovery of the high-critical-temperature oxide superconductors has accelerated the interest for superconducting applications due to its higher-temperature operation at liquid nitrogen or above and thus reduces the refrigeration and liquid helium requirement. It also permits usage of the high-critical-temperature oxides in magnets or power applications in high-current-carrying wire or tape with acceptable mechanical capability. This article discusses the powder techniques mainly based on the production of an oxide powder precursor, which is then subjected to various processing, including powder-in-tube processing, vapor deposition processing, and melt processing. It further discusses the microstructural, anisotropy and weak link influences on these processes.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001740
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... are not uncommon. A slope lower than 54 generally indicates a problem in the system. Slopes of 29.58 and 19.72 are anticipated for divalent and trivalent species, respectively. After the slope and y -intercept are established, potential readings from a particular sample can be obtained, and the species...
Abstract
Potentiometric membrane electrodes are electrochemical devices that can be used to quantify numerous ionic and nonionic species. This class of electrochemical sensors can be divided into ion-selective and gas-sensing membrane electrodes. The first half of this article mainly focuses on the subclasses, the membrane potential, electrode selectivity limitations and the methods of analysis of the ion-selective membrane electrodes. These methods of analysis include the use of calibration curves, addition techniques, subtraction techniques, and titration. The second half outlines gas sensing membrane electrodes, and discusses important elements that must be considered in addition to the potentiometric membrane electrode to ensure proper electrode response. These elements are reference electrodes, temperature controls, recording of the potential with respect to time, electrode storages, and sample pretreatment. The article also explains the applications of the potentiometric membrane electrodes with the aid of an example.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0005549
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... Unified Numbering System - approximately; similar to US·DPC United States-demonstration iJ partial derivative 1;,0' sigma 4 change in quantity; an increment; a poloidal coil T, T tau UTS ultimate tensile strength range v velocity E strain Y, II upsilon V volt E strain rate V volume; velocity T) viscosity...
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005299
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
Abstract
Sand mold and permanent mold casting are the major methods for shape casting of steels, with production closely split among green sand, chemically bonded sand, and permanent mold processes. This article describes key aspects of the steel casting process, including steel solidification characteristics, melting practices, melt treatment, and feeding of the molten steel into the mold used in steel foundries. It discusses the features of melting furnaces used in direct arc melting and induction melting. It reviews factors such as wall thickness and designing for avoidance of hot spots. The article explains the sand casting and permanent mold casting of steel. The process design and casting of thin sections are also discussed.
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