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Image
Published: 01 January 1986
Fig. 2 (a) Kα x-ray production cross sections versus proton energy and atomic number and (b) L x-ray production cross sections versus proton energy and atomic number. Source: Ref 4 . More
Image
Published: 15 December 2019
Fig. 2 (a) Kα and (b) L x-ray production cross sections versus proton energy and atomic number. Source: Ref 4 More
Image
Published: 01 January 1986
Fig. 39 X-ray spectrum from bridgewire corrosion product. Note the presence of substantial amounts of chlorine. More
Image
Published: 01 January 1986
Fig. 40 X-ray spectrum from pin corrosion product. Note the presence of substantial amounts of chlorine. More
Image
Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 2 Comparison of production of x-rays and Auger electrons. Source: Ref 1 More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006666
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... on iron—and higher for heavier elements. Another insight is that, to a good approximation, electrons bound with equal energy have approximately equal velocities. Thus, x-ray production for the Kα x-ray of arsenic (per atom) occurs with approximately the same probability as that of an Lα x-ray of lead (per...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001734
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... proton on iron—and higher for heavier elements. Another insight is that, to a good approximation, electrons bound with equal energy have approximately equal velocities. Thus, x-ray production for the Kα x-ray of arsenic (per atom) occurs with approximately the same probability as that of an Lα x-ray...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006638
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... of Characteristic and Continuum X-Rays The incident electron kinetic energy, E 0 , must exceed the shell electron binding energy, E c , for ionization to occur. Characteristic x-ray production begins when the “overvoltage” U 0 = E 0 / E c for a particular shell exceeds unity: (Eq 1) U 0...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005800
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... the parameters associated with resistance spot welding, laser welding, and metal active gas welding. It also provides useful information of retained austenite volume fraction measured by x-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction. The article also examines microstructure evolution during tensile...
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003252
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... of the micrograph. Source: Ref 3 Excitation and characteristic x-ray production also occurs as the incident electron beam interacts with the atoms in the sample. As in the SEM and EPMA, this provides the equivalent of a x-ray fluorescence spectrometer that can probe the chemistries of very small operator...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003238
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... other factors that govern the exposure and processing of a neutron radiograph are similar to those for radiography using X-rays or gamma rays. gamma-ray radiography image conversion neutron radiography shadow formation X-ray films X-ray production X-ray radiography RADIOGRAPHY...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003710
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... with higher resolution and sensitivity than EDS X-ray diffraction (XRD) Diffraction of the incident x-ray beam from various plans of crystal lattice create a diffraction pattern characteristic of the sample. Elemental and phase identity and composition of inorganic corrosion product Auger electron...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006967
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... of the surface. These measurement techniques are still limited to surfaces with line-of-sight access, such that internal features remain a major challenge. Fig. 6 Image of a Sensofar S neox, which integrates several areal surface-measurement techniques in a single system. Source: Ref 7 X-Ray...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006445
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... of a part that either reduces or increases x-ray attenuation will be resolvable by x-ray radiography. Some types of flaws and their x-ray images are shown in Fig. 11 ( Ref 11 ). Fig. 11 Schematic of flaws and their x-ray images. Defect types that can be detected by x-ray radiography are those...
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003250
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... in sample by ejection of electrons (photoelectron production), and relaxation of excited atom by electronic transitions and accompanying characteristic x-ray emission The net result is that each element has a unique set of known electron energy levels. Similarly, the set of energy differences between...
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005292
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... entrapped air and shrinkage. However, with human eyes, there is no way to detect this type of defect. Fortunately, with x-rays and automatic defect-recognition software, an in-line mass-production quality check can be done. Safety improvement: Die casting injuries are ranked very high among...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006678
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... Abstract This article briefly discusses popular techniques for metals characterization. It begins with a description of the most common techniques for determining chemical composition of metals, namely X-ray fluorescence, optical emission spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical...
Book Chapter

By S. Lampman
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006645
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... spectrometers were used in laboratories, finding application in routine analyses for production and quality control and in specialized tasks. Initially, x-ray spectrometry found wide acceptance in applications related to metallurgical and geochemical analyses. Examples of specialized applications have included...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001733
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... related to metallurgical and geochemical analyses. More recently, x-ray spectrometry has proved valuable in the analysis of environmental samples, in the determination of sulfur and wear elements in petroleum products, in applications involving forensic samples, and in measurements of electronic...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006639
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
.... XPS is perhaps most advantageous in the analysis of polymers because the bonds in polymers can be resolved, particularly for failure analysis, evaluation of production issues, and overall characterization. With advancements in x-ray sources, cluster guns, and imaging capabilities, XPS is useful...