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X-radiography methods

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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009081
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract This article describes methods for analyzing impact-damaged composites in the aircraft industry. These include C-scan and x-radiography methods and optical microscopy. The article reviews brittle-matrix composite and tough-matrix composite failures. It explains the different types...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003238
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... radiography” refers to radiographic inspection using neutrons rather than electromagnetic radiation. This article discusses radiography methods using x-rays, gamma rays, and neutrons. In conventional radiography, an object is placed in a beam of x-rays and the portion of the radiation that is not absorbed...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006974
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... Abstract X-ray radiography and computed tomography (CT) are nondestructive testing (NDT) tools particularly well suited to additive manufacturing (AM). A brief overview of NDT for AM is presented in this article, including other NDT methods, followed by identifying the key advantages...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006448
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... associated with radiography. There are two main aspects of safety: monitoring radiation dosage and protecting personnel. The article summarizes the major factors involved in both and discusses the operating characteristics of X-ray tubes. It describes the various methods of controlling scattered radiation...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006457
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... eventually leads to corrosion of the core. This occurs when moisture moves along the bond line to the individual cells. Moisture moves more rapidly in an assembly if the core is perforated. Fortunately, this moisture problem is detectable by NDT inspection methods. Water is detectable by x-ray radiography...
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005218
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract Metal transparency and interaction with X-rays have been recognized as obvious candidate principles from which methods for in situ monitoring of solidification processes could be developed. This article describes the use of X-ray imaging-based techniques to investigate interface...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002363
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... scanning tunneling microscopy test specimen ultrasonic method X-ray diffraction technique MEASUREMENT OR DETECTION of fatigue cracks and damage can, in general terms, be classified into the following two application areas: laboratory methods and field service assessment methods. Specific techniques...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003436
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
..., radiography, X-ray computed tomography, thermography, low-frequency vibration methods, acoustic emission, eddy current testing, optical holography, and shearography. The article presents some examples are for fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites. Many of the techniques have general applicability...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006459
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... that uses digital detector arrays (linear or area) to capture an x-ray photonic signal and convert it to an electronic signal for display on a computer. Real-Time Radiography Background The predecessor of the modern methods of real-time radiography is fluoroscopy. This technique involved...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006764
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... (volumetric) inspection in failure analysis also are described. The common NDE methods of internal flaw detection and location include radiography, ultrasound, and x-ray computed tomography ( Table 2 ). These techniques are capable of detecting internal voids, cracks, seams, or material discontinuities...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006477
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... of the methods performed on various types of flaws resulting from solid-state welding processes. eddy current nondestructive evaluation solid-state welding ultrasound testing X-ray radiography A NUMBER OF NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION (NDE) methods, such as visual, liquid penetrant, magnetic particle...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005616
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... absorption of penetrating radiation by the material. X-rays or gamma rays are the two types of waves used for this process. The radiography method works well for detecting and sizing volumetric flaws such as pores, voids, and inclusions. With the radiographic method, it is possible to examine a wide variety...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006455
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... sections radiographic film processing THE TERM RADIOGRAPHY often refers to the specific radiological method that produces an image on film (conventional radiography) or digitally using detection systems that fluoresce once exposed to penetrating radiation (with x-rays or γ-rays). This article...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006445
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... of a part that either reduces or increases x-ray attenuation will be resolvable by x-ray radiography. Some types of flaws and their x-ray images are shown in Fig. 11 ( Ref 11 ). Fig. 11 Schematic of flaws and their x-ray images. Defect types that can be detected by x-ray radiography are those...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006456
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... of performance characteristics for film radiography, real-time radiography, and X-ray computed tomography is presented in a table. A functional block diagram of a typical computed tomography system is provided. The article discusses CT scanning geometry that is used to acquire the necessary transmission data...
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005341
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... and inclusions having measurable thickness in all directions can be also detected as long as they are not too small in relation to section thickness. Fluoroscopic Inspection and Automated Defect Recognition This system has replaced conventional radiography (film x-ray) and consists of an x-ray generator...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006478
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... ( x , t ) = β λ I 0 ρ C p e − β x ∫ 0 t f ( t ′ , τ ) d t ′ where β λ is the wavelength-dependent optical absorption coefficient (m −1 ), I 0 is the absorbed energy density of the laser (J/m 2 ), ρ is the material density, C p...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001473
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
.... If the radiation source is sufficiently far from the object, then the image of the flaw will be sharp. Cavities with a through thickness of the order of only 1% of wall thickness can be discerned. Most radiography is carried out with x-rays from tubes that operate in a voltage range between 120 and 400 kV...
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003228
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract This article reviews nondestructive testing (NDT) and inspection techniques, namely liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, ultrasonics, X-ray, eddy current, visual and radiography that are commonly used to detect and evaluate flaws or leaks in an engineering system. This article compares...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001472
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Radiographic methods may be unable to detect these discontinuities in certain cases, because of the small effect they have on x-ray absorption. As will be described later, however, lack of sidewall fusion is readily detected by radiography. Ultrasonically, both types of discontinuities often appear as severe...