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Vickers hardness testing
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Published: 01 January 2000
Image
Vickers hardness test. (a) Schematic of the square-based diamond pyramidal ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2000
Fig. 1 Vickers hardness test. (a) Schematic of the square-based diamond pyramidal indenter used for the Vickers test and an example of the indentation it produces. (b) Vickers indents made in ferrite in a ferritic-martensitic high-carbon version of 430 stainless steel using (left to right) 500
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003272
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... Abstract This article provides a discussion on the equipment used and specimen preparation for microindentation hardness testing (MHT) such as the Vickers hardness test and the Knoop hardness test. It describes the important test considerations to be considered during MHT. The article also...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the equipment used and specimen preparation for microindentation hardness testing (MHT) such as the Vickers hardness test and the Knoop hardness test. It describes the important test considerations to be considered during MHT. The article also discusses the most common hardness conversions and the applications of MHT.
Image
Measured Vickers microindentation hardness for five steel test blocks using...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2000
Fig. 13 Measured Vickers microindentation hardness for five steel test blocks using test forces from 5-500 gf. Source: Ref 3
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ASTM E-4 round-robin interlaboratory Vickers microindentation hardness-test...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2000
Fig. 14 ASTM E-4 round-robin interlaboratory Vickers microindentation hardness-testing data for the hardest (F1) test specimen and nine people (measuring the same indents) who produced “good” data for test loads from 25-1000 gf. Source: Ref 6 , 7
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Book Chapter
Macroindentation Hardness Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003271
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... Abstract This article describes the principal methods for macroindentation hardness testing by the Brinell, Vickers, and Rockwell methods. For each method, the test types and indenters, scale limitations, testing machines, calibration, indenter selection and geometry, load selection...
Abstract
This article describes the principal methods for macroindentation hardness testing by the Brinell, Vickers, and Rockwell methods. For each method, the test types and indenters, scale limitations, testing machines, calibration, indenter selection and geometry, load selection and impression size, testing methodology, and testing of specific materials are also discussed.
Image
Optical projection screen and caliper for diagonal measurement in Vickers h...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2000
Fig. 22 Optical projection screen and caliper for diagonal measurement in Vickers hardness testing
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Image
Schematic of the square-based diamond pyramid indenter used for the Vickers...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 1 Schematic of the square-based diamond pyramid indenter used for the Vickers hardness test, and an example of the indentation it produces
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Book Chapter
Selection and Industrial Applications of Hardness Tests
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003276
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... Abstract This article reviews the factors that have a significant effect on the selection and interpretation of results of different hardness tests, namely, Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers, and Knoop tests. The factors concerned include hardness level (and scale limitations), specimen thickness...
Abstract
This article reviews the factors that have a significant effect on the selection and interpretation of results of different hardness tests, namely, Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers, and Knoop tests. The factors concerned include hardness level (and scale limitations), specimen thickness, size and shape of the workpiece, specimen surface flatness and surface condition, and indent location. The article focuses on the selection for specific types of materials, such as steels, cast irons, nonferrous alloys, and plastics, and industrial applications, of hardness tests.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006056
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... according to ASTM B294, “Standard Test Method for Hardness Testing of Cemented Carbides,” ( Ref 1 ) and ISO 3738 ( Ref 3 ) and Vickers hardness according to ISO 3878 ( Ref 3 ) are standard hardness tests within the cemented carbide industry. Rockwell hardness on the A scale uses a spheroconical diamond...
Abstract
Quality control of cemented carbides includes the evaluation of physical and chemical properties of constituent raw material powders, powder blends/formulations, green compacts, and fully dense finished product. This article provides a summary of the underlying principles and size ranges for the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard methods of particle sizing and distribution. It presents the methods used to analyze the chemical composition of cemented carbide materials in a tabular form. The article also presents information on microstructural evaluation and physical and mechanical property evaluation of cemented carbides.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003274
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... of the Knoop and the Vickers hardness in ceramics. It explicates how to estimate fracture toughness from Vickers indentation cracking. The article also provides information on instrumented hardness testing and the Meyer law. indentation hardness testing microindentation hardness ceramics deformation...
Abstract
Hardness characterizes the resistance of the ceramic to deformation, densification, displacement, and fracture. It is usually measured with conventional microindentation hardness machines using the Knoop or the Vickers diamond indenters. This article discusses the metrology issues of the Knoop and the Vickers hardness in ceramics. It explicates how to estimate fracture toughness from Vickers indentation cracking. The article also provides information on instrumented hardness testing and the Meyer law.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003270
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... in deforming the test surface. Since the indenter is pressed into the material during testing, hardness is also viewed as the ability of a material to resist compressive loads. The indenter may be spherical (Brinell test), pyramidal (Vickers and Knoop tests), or conical (Rockwell test). In the Brinell, Vickers...
Abstract
Hardness testing is perhaps the simplest and the least expensive method of mechanically characterizing a material. This article provides an overview of the principles of hardness testing. It compares Brinell with Meyer hardness testing and hardness testing of fully cold worked metals with fully annealed metals. The article discusses the plastic deformation of ideal plastic metals under an indenter, by a flat punch, and by spherical indenters. The classification of the hardness tests using various criteria, including type of measurement, magnitude of indentation load, and nature of the test, is also provided.
Book Chapter
Mechanical Testing in Failure Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006761
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... surface finish, flat surface, and parallel sides Sample must fit within the machine and be balanced on the pedestal Vickers hardness Hardness Test is slow Careful surface preparation of the specimen is necessary Measurement of indentation is operator dependent and results in variation...
Abstract
Mechanical testing is an evaluative tool used by the failure analyst to collect data regarding the macro- and micromechanical properties of the materials being examined. This article provides information on a few important considerations regarding mechanical testing that the failure analyst must keep in mind. These considerations include the test location and orientation, the use of raw material certifications, the certifications potentially not representing the hardware, and the determination of valid test results. The article introduces the concepts of various mechanical testing techniques and discusses the advantages and limitations of each technique when used in failure analysis. The focus is on various types of static load testing, hardness testing, and impact testing. The testing types covered include uniaxial tension testing, uniaxial compression testing, bend testing, hardness testing, macroindentation hardness, microindentation hardness, and the impact toughness test.
Book Chapter
The Role of Elasticity in Hardness Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0009224
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... as follows: (Eq 4) H M = C σ 1 where C is called the constraint factor for the hardness test. Experimentally, C approximates three for the Brinell, Vickers, and Knoop hardness tests. A central problem in the theory of hardness is to explain the origin of constraint factor, C...
Abstract
A newly developed theory on plasticity makes it possible to include elastic effects, which play a major role when using blunt hardness indenters. This article reviews the new theory and explains several phenomena associated with practical hardness testing. In the indentation hardness test, a blunt indenter that approximates a flat punch is forced into a plane surface. The effective cone angle for most indenters is such that some upward flow results even when there is sufficient material surrounding the indenter to provide a full elastic constraint. When loaded by a blunt indenter, materials with high values of Young's Modulus of Elasticity/uniaxial flow stress (E/Y) (metals) appear to develop a Hertzian stress distribution over the contact. In contrast, materials with low values of E/Y (glasses and polymers) develop a uniform distribution of stress.
Book Chapter
Scratch Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003282
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... does not support any load. In practice, the piled-up material does, in fact, support a load. Scratch Hardness Estimation Now consider what happens to a Vickers indenter if it is moved along the sample surface, after a load, P , has been applied. This corresponds to a scratch test...
Abstract
This article reviews the origins and development of scratch tests, the experimental configurations used in these tests, and the application of the tests to characterize the mechanical response of materials. It provides information on the measurement of indentation hardness. The article describes the important parameters of the scratch test. Finally, it discusses the sliding indentation fracture process of brittle materials.
Book Chapter
Steel Hardness Conversions
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005184
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
...). Conversely, identical indentation diameters for both types of ball will correspond to different Vickers and Rockwell values. Thus, if indentation in two different specimens both are 2.75 mm diameter (495 HB), the specimen tested with a standard ball has a Vickers hardness of 539, whereas the specimen tested...
Abstract
Hardness conversions are empirical relationships that are defined by conversion tables limited to specific categories of materials. This article tabulates examples of the published hardness conversion equations for various materials including steels, cement carbides, and white cast irons. It informs that when making hardness correlations, it is best to consult ASTM E 140. The article tabulates the approximate Rockwell B hardness and Rockwell C hardness conversion numbers for nonaustenitic steels according to ASTM E 140. It also tabulates the approximate equivalent hardness numbers for Brinell hardness numbers and Vickers (diamond pyramid) hardness numbers for steel.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003275
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
.... Standard calibration, which conforms to ASTM E-448, “Standard Practice for Scleroscope Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials,” has a direct correlation to Rockwell C, Brinell, and Vickers hardness values ( Table 1 ). Roll calibration conforms to ASTM A 427, “Standard Specification for Wrought Alloy Steel...
Abstract
Miscellaneous hardness tests encompass a number of test methods that have been developed for specific applications. These include dynamic, or "rebound," hardness tests using a Leeb tester or a Scleroscope; static indentation tests on rubber or plastic products using the durometer or IRHD testers; scratch hardness tests; and ultrasonic microindentation testing. This article reviews the procedures, equipment, and applications associated with these alternate hardness test methods.
Book Chapter
Steel Hardness Conversions
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... hardness Vickers hardness FROM A PRACTICAL STANDPOINT, it is important to be able to convert the results of one type of hardness test into those of a different test. Because a hardness test does not measure a well-defined property of a material and because all the tests in common use are not based...
Abstract
Hardness conversions are empirical relationships that are defined by conversion tables limited to specific categories of materials. This article summarizes hardness conversion formulas for various materials in a table. It tabulates the approximate Rockwell B and Rockwell C hardness conversion numbers for nonaustenitic steels. The article lists the approximate equivalent hardness numbers for Brinell hardness numbers and Vickers hardness numbers for steel in tables. The tables are also outlined in a graphical form.
Book Chapter
Steel Hardness Conversions
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0006001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
...). Conversely, identical indentation diameters for both types of ball will correspond to different Vickers and Rockwell values. Thus, if indentation in two different specimens both are 2.75 mm diameter (495 HB), the specimen tested with a standard ball has a Vickers hardness of 539, whereas the specimen tested...
Abstract
Hardness conversions are empirical relationships that are defined by conversion tables limited to specific categories of materials. This article is a comprehensive collection of tables that list hardness conversion formulas. Approximate Rockwell B and C hardness conversion numbers for nonaustenitic steels, and approximate equivalent hardness numbers for Brinell and Vickers (diamond pyramid) hardness numbers for steels are provided.
Book Chapter
Hardness Conversions for Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003278
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... has a Vickers hardness of 539, whereas the specimen tested with a tungsten-carbide ball has a Vickers hardness of 528. Source: ASTM E 140 Approximate equivalent hardness numbers for Vickers (diamond pyramid) hardness numbers for steel Table 5 Approximate equivalent hardness numbers...
Abstract
Hardness conversions are empirical relationships defined by conversion tables limited to specific categories of materials. This article is a collection of tables that present approximate Rockwell B hardness conversion numbers for nonaustenitic steels as per ASTM E 140 and approximate equivalent hardness numbers for the Brinell hardness and the Vickers (diamond pyramid) hardness numbers for steel.
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