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V-junction
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Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 7 Comparison of defects obtained in V-junctions of castings produced under conditions controlled in such a manner as to encourage the defects. Section size of tests: 3 by 3 in. Members intersect at 45 degrees.
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Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009024
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract In most castings, there are junctions between intersecting component members. This article describes how defects can be eliminated in five types of junctions in steel castings, namely the L-junction, T-junction, V-junction, X-junction, and Y-junction. It also discusses design...
Abstract
In most castings, there are junctions between intersecting component members. This article describes how defects can be eliminated in five types of junctions in steel castings, namely the L-junction, T-junction, V-junction, X-junction, and Y-junction. It also discusses design considerations for junctions in aluminum castings and provides a comparison between the T-junction and Y-junction. Finally, the article illustrates recommended methods for minimizing defects where sections of unequal thickness form a junction.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005422
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... implementation of the model, the equation of motion for the grain boundary and for the triple junctions is considered separately. A grain boundary moves with a velocity ( V ): (Eq 2) v = m g b p where m gb is the grain boundary mobility, and p is the driving force. For the general case...
Abstract
This article reviews network models and their applications for the simulation of various physical phenomena related to grain-boundary migration. It discusses the steps involved in the implementation of two and three-dimensional network models, namely, acquisition and discretization of the microstructure, formulation of the equation of motion, and implementation of the topological transformations. The article presents examples that illustrate the simulation of physical phenomena to demonstrate the predictive power and flexibility of network models.
Image
in Principles of Superconductivity
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 23 Effect of applied magnetic field on the critical current of the total loop in a two-junction superconductor. (a) The dc SQUID consists of two junctions carrying a bias current ( I ). The voltage ( V ) is measured as a function of the magnetic field. (b) In the presence of a magnetic
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003592
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... − ions. As a result, a charge separation appears at the limit between the two liquids, the liquid junction. This produces a potential difference called the liquid junction potential, which is included in the measured voltage, V , as expressed in: (Eq 12) V = V T − V R + V LJP...
Abstract
Electrode potential is a key parameter in the thermodynamic and kinetic processes that drive aqueous corrosion. This article discusses the complexities associated with measuring electrode potential and explains where and how to use reference electrodes to improve measurement accuracy. It describes a three-electrode approach that compensates for measurement error stemming from nonequilibrium conditions. It also examines electrode materials and behaviors and offers insights on selection and operating conditions.
Image
in Potential Measurements with Reference Electrodes
> Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection
Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 4 Schematic of an electrochemical cell with liquid junction potential. P, interface; V, voltmeter
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Image
in Computational Models for Prediction of Solidification Microstructure
> Cast Iron Science and Technology
Published: 31 August 2017
Fig. 2 Schematic representation of a lamellar eutectic microstructure showing alternating lamellae of α and β phases, the lamellar spacing λ, and the contact angles θ α and θ β at the triple-point junction. The vector V represents the growth velocity. Source: Ref 23
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006303
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... At the entrance to the sprue, if the height h 1 is 150 mm (0.150 m) below the metal level in the pouring basin, the velocity V 1 of the metal entering the sprue is: (Eq 4) V 1 = 2 × 10 × 0.150 = 3 = 1.73 m / s Fig. 9 Sprue/runner junction. (a) Traditional design...
Abstract
Gray cast iron is one of the most tolerant of metals when used with poorly designed filling systems. Good filling systems are necessary for the production of sound and acceptable ductile iron castings. This article presents an outline description of well-designed filling systems for all varieties of cast iron and all varieties of molds. It discusses the general conditions for the filling system layout, including the downsprue, sprue/runner junction, and runner. Both gray cast iron and compacted graphite iron exhibit a growth of graphite in direct contact with the liquid metal. The article concludes with a discussion on feeding of ductile iron.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001740
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... n F ln ( a i a i ′ ) where E cell is the measured cell potential, E const is a potential term that includes all cell potentials remaining constant throughout the measurement, R is the universal gas constant (8.31441 V · C/K/mol), T is the temperature...
Abstract
Potentiometric membrane electrodes are electrochemical devices that can be used to quantify numerous ionic and nonionic species. This class of electrochemical sensors can be divided into ion-selective and gas-sensing membrane electrodes. The first half of this article mainly focuses on the subclasses, the membrane potential, electrode selectivity limitations and the methods of analysis of the ion-selective membrane electrodes. These methods of analysis include the use of calibration curves, addition techniques, subtraction techniques, and titration. The second half outlines gas sensing membrane electrodes, and discusses important elements that must be considered in addition to the potentiometric membrane electrode to ensure proper electrode response. These elements are reference electrodes, temperature controls, recording of the potential with respect to time, electrode storages, and sample pretreatment. The article also explains the applications of the potentiometric membrane electrodes with the aid of an example.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001109
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... the junction. Associated with the appearance of the dc voltage, the super-electron current begins flowing back and forth across the junction with a frequency of v = 2 eV dc / h , where e is the charge of an electron. The superelectron current produces an ac ripple voltage on top of the dc voltage...
Abstract
Superconductivity has been found in a wide range of materials, including pure metals, alloys, compounds, oxides, and organic materials. Providing information on the basic principles, this article discusses the theoretical background, types of superconductors, and critical parameters of superconductivity. It discusses the magnetic properties of selected superconductors and types of stabilization, including cryogenic stability, adiabatic stability, and dynamic stability. The article also focuses on alternating current losses in superconductors, including hysteresis loss, penetration loss, eddy current loss, and radio frequency loss. Furthermore, the article describes the flux pinning phenomenon and Josephson effects.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005507
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... Interatomic potential r ij Atomic distance γ Grain-boundary energy, grain-boundary surface tension V Grain-boundary velocity P Driving force for grain-boundary migration m Grain-boundary mobility A Reduced grain-boundary mobility (product m · γ) ρ Dislocation density...
Abstract
Grain boundaries are interfaces between crystallites of the same phase but different crystallographic orientation. They can be characterized as being low angle or high angle. This article discusses the measurements of grain-boundary energy with a brief summary of different schemes for measuring grain-boundary surface tension. The atomistic simulations of grain-boundary energy, measurement of grain-boundary migration and the techniques used to monitor grain-boundary migration are reviewed. Several considerations and effects influencing the computation of grain-boundary mobility are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001098
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... ) where R S is the resistance of a large resistor in series with the thermoelements to minimize the effect of the resistance of the thermoelements. If E A − ( E A + V AB ) is positive, the thermoelectric current I will flow continuously from A to B at the cold junction. In this case...
Abstract
This article provides an in-depth review of thermocouples and the metals from which they are made. It explains how dissimilar metal conductors in contact at opposite ends can generate an electromotive force if the junctions are heated or cooled to different temperatures. The article discusses thermocouple circuits and instrumentation, calibration methods, insulation requirements, operating ranges, measurement errors, and maintenance procedures. It also provides property data and emf curves for common metals and thermocouple types, and contains information on color coding used around the world.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002475
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... the case, even at a constant temperature. Perhaps the most striking example is the V - I (voltage-current) characteristic (interdependence) of a semiconductor diode, formed at the junction of two oppositely doped regions. In addition to being highly nonlinear, it is very strongly polarity dependent...
Abstract
This article presents an overview of the electric and magnetic parameters and discusses the significance of these parameters for electronic applications. It describes the components of analog and digital electronic circuits. The article reviews the augmenting technologies: magnetic and special technologies such as electrooptical.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003799
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... be (1.000+0.241)=+1.241 V versus SHE. An electrode potential of −1.000 versus SCE would be (−1.000+0.241)=−0.759 V versus SHE. (a) E ′ is the standard potential for the half cell corrected for the concentration of the ions. (b) E ′′ also includes the liquid junction potentials for a saturated KCl...
Abstract
This article discusses a tool for the conversion of measurements made against various reference electrodes at different temperatures. It reviews different electrode potential temperature coefficients, namely, isothermal temperature coefficient and thermal temperature coefficient. The article contains a table that lists the electrode potentials and conversion factors for various reference electrodes.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005299
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... 1.00 2.35 6. Molybdenum (0.39) 1.65 0.04 0.72 2.33 7. Vanadium (0.25) 1.40 0.09 1.02 2.32 8. Mn-Si (1.35)(1.15) 1.54 0.14 0.96 2.35 9. Ni-Mn (1.46)(1.24) 1.70 0.19 0.86 2.37 10. Mn-Mo (1.41)(0.37) 1.68 0.02 0.66 2.32 11. Mn-V (1.41)(0.16) 1.50 0.13 0.96 2.33...
Abstract
Sand mold and permanent mold casting are the major methods for shape casting of steels, with production closely split among green sand, chemically bonded sand, and permanent mold processes. This article describes key aspects of the steel casting process, including steel solidification characteristics, melting practices, melt treatment, and feeding of the molten steel into the mold used in steel foundries. It discusses the features of melting furnaces used in direct arc melting and induction melting. It reviews factors such as wall thickness and designing for avoidance of hot spots. The article explains the sand casting and permanent mold casting of steel. The process design and casting of thin sections are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009015
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... to the square of the volume-to-area ratio of the casting (or casting section). This rule can be stated mathematically as follows: (Eq 1) t f = K • ( V c A c ) 2 where t f is the total solidification time for the casting or casting section, V c is the volume...
Abstract
This article provides a general introduction on casting processes and design techniques. It discusses the process steps and methods of the main categories of shape casting methods, namely, expendable molds with permanent patterns, expendable molds with expendable patterns, and metal or permanent mold processes. The article lists the general guidelines of geometry in casting design. It describes the three separate contractions that are a result of cooling: liquid-liquid contraction, solid-solid contraction, and liquid-solid contraction. Factors influencing the solidification sequence of simple shapes, such as T-sections, X-sections, and L-sections, are discussed. The article also presents an overview of geometric factors that influence heat transfer and transport phenomena. It concludes with a description of the structure and properties of castings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... between the conductors and the pipeline in the relationship shown in Eq 1 : (Eq 1) V ac = f [ I ac , L , 1 D ] where V ac is the induced ac voltage, I ac is the phase current, L is the length of parallel section, and D is the distance between conductor(s...
Abstract
Stray current can be defined as a current in structures that are underground or immersed in an electrolyte that most often accelerate corrosion on a structure where a positive current leaves the structure to enter the earth or an electrolyte. This article provides a description of the principles of stray current and a discussion on the major types of stray current and their properties and prediction methods. It discusses the consequences of stray current and describes the interference tests used for mapping the path of the stray currents. The article also highlights the methods of mitigating the source of stray current.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005221
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... areas chosen are often 1 to 2 to 2 or 1 to 2 to 4 and so on. The assumption has been that the volume flow rate, Q (m 3 /s), and velocity, V (m/s), relate to the area, A (m 2 ), of the stream by the simple equation: (Eq 1) Q = A • V The problem with this approach is that Eq 1...
Abstract
This article introduces filling and feeding concepts from the general perspective of what constitutes a good casting practice. It briefly reviews the concepts that may help to clarify and quantify objectives for more effective mold-filling designs. The article describes the preprimed filling system through various partial solutions to the prepriming approach. It discusses the six individual parts of the naturally pressurized filling system, namely, offset stepped pouring basin, sprue, sprue/runner junction, runner, gates, and feeding via feeders. The article also lists the key features of the system.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0005549
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... centiStokes ABST 0:-13 solution treatment bcc body-centered cubic CST constitutional solution treatment bct body-centered tetragonal CTOD crack tip opening displacement ac alternating current BDT brittle-ductile transition CVD chemical vapor deposition CVN Charpy V-notch (impact test or ACem in hypereutectoid...
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003248
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... for curved surfaces … V mm 3 Volume of three-dimensional structural elements or test volume … A A mm 2 /mm 2 Sum of areas of intercepted features divided by total test area Areal fraction S V mm 2 /mm 3 Surface or interface area divided by total test volume (surface-to-volume...
Abstract
Quantifying microstructural parameters has received considerable attention and success in developing procedures and using such data to develop structure/property relationships has been achieved. This article reviews many of the simple stereological counting measurements of volume fraction, grain structure (two-phase grain structures, and nonequiaxed grain structures), grain size, and inclusion content. It also reviews simple relationships between number of grains per unit area, number of intersections of a line of known length with particle or grain, and number of interceptions of particles or grains by a line of known length.
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