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Book Chapter
Thermal Stresses and Physical Aging of Plastics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006932
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... Abstract Engineering plastics, as a general class of materials, are prone to the development of internal stresses which arise during processing or during servicing when parts are exposed to environments that impose deformation and/or temperature extremes. Thermal stresses are largely...
Abstract
Engineering plastics, as a general class of materials, are prone to the development of internal stresses which arise during processing or during servicing when parts are exposed to environments that impose deformation and/or temperature extremes. Thermal stresses are largely a consequence of high coefficients of thermal expansion and low thermal diffusivities. Although time-consuming techniques can be used to analyze thermal stresses, several useful qualitative tests are described in this article. The classification of internal stresses in plastic parts is covered. The article describes the effects of low thermal diffusivity and high thermal expansion properties, and the variation of mechanical properties with temperature. It discusses the combined effects of thermal stresses and orientation that result from processing conditions. The article also describes the effect of aging on properties of plastics. It explains the use of high-modulus graphite fibers in amorphous polymers.
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Development of thermal stresses within steel on cooling. T, time instant at...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 10 Development of thermal stresses within steel on cooling. T, time instant at maximum temperature difference; 0, time instant of stress reversal; curve A, stress variation at the surface under elastic conditions. B and C are actual thermal stress variations at the surface and the core
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in Basics of Distortion and Stress Generation during Heat Treatment
> Steel Heat Treating Technologies
Published: 30 September 2014
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Calculated thermal stresses for thin coatings on high-performance carbon-ca...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1994
Fig. 3 Calculated thermal stresses for thin coatings on high-performance carbon-carbon laminates. Ratio of substrate thickness to coating thickness = 20
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Formation of thermal stresses on cooling in a 100 mm (4 in.) steel specimen...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 40 Formation of thermal stresses on cooling in a 100 mm (4 in.) steel specimen. C designates the core, S the surface, u the stress reversal time instant, and w the time instant of maximum temperature difference. The top graph shows the temperature variation with time at the surface
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Calculated thermal stresses for thin coatings on high-performance carbon-ca...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 1995
Fig. 14 Calculated thermal stresses for thin coatings on high-performance carbon-carbon laminates. Ratio of substrate thickness to coating thickness = 20.
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Published: 30 September 2014
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Distribution of normalized thermal stresses in a pressurized tube with a ra...
Available to Purchase
in Influence of Multiaxial Stresses on Creep and Creep Rupture of Tubular Components
> Mechanical Testing and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 4 Distribution of normalized thermal stresses in a pressurized tube with a ratio of inner radius, R i , to outer radius, R o , of 0.6 and with a temperature gradient of 50 °C (90 °F) under external heating
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Formation of thermal stresses on cooling in a 100 mm (4 in.) steel specimen...
Available to Purchase
in Modeling of Quenching, Residual-Stress Formation, and Quench Cracking
> Metals Process Simulation
Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 56 Formation of thermal stresses on cooling in a 100 mm (4 in.) steel specimen. C designates the core, S the surface, u the instant of stress reversal, and w the time instant of maximum temperature difference. The top graph shows the temperature variation with time at the surface
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Three typical theoretical examples of thermal stresses and plastic strains ...
Available to Purchase
in Modeling of Quenching, Residual-Stress Formation, and Quench Cracking
> Metals Process Simulation
Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 82 Three typical theoretical examples of thermal stresses and plastic strains in ingot cores during the heating process of high-carbon-chromium steel ingots during heating. (Subscripts r, t, and z are radial, tangential, and axial stresses and strains, respectively.) Source: Ref 178
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Visible macrolevel cracks due to hoop and axial thermal stresses on as-buil...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 June 2020
Fig. 37 Visible macrolevel cracks due to hoop and axial thermal stresses on as-built SLM cobalt-chrome alloy
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Calculated thermal stresses for thin coatings on high-performance carbon-ca...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2001
Fig. 9 Calculated thermal stresses for thin coatings on high-performance carbon-carbon laminates. Ratio of substrate thickness to coating thickness = 20.
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Comparison of thermal and transformational stresses for three different que...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 11 Comparison of thermal and transformational stresses for three different quenching conditions. See text for details. t u , time instant of stress reversal
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Combined consideration of thermal and transformation stresses during rapid ...
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in Residual Stresses and Distortion in Quenched and Tempered Steels
> Steel Heat Treating Technologies
Published: 30 September 2014
Fig. 13 Combined consideration of thermal and transformation stresses during rapid cooling of an ideal linear elastic material accompanied by phase transformations. Source: Ref 60
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Generation of longitudinal thermal residual stresses due to rapid cooling o...
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in Residual Stresses and Distortion in Quenched and Tempered Steels
> Steel Heat Treating Technologies
Published: 30 September 2014
Fig. 15 Generation of longitudinal thermal residual stresses due to rapid cooling of a cylinder showing (a) T and σ Y vs. lg t of surface and core, (b) σ 1 th and σ Y vs. lg t of surface and core, and (c) resulting σ 1 th vs. lg t of surface and core. Source
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(a) The generation of thermal residual stresses in comparison with (b–e) va...
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in Residual Stresses and Distortion in Quenched and Tempered Steels
> Steel Heat Treating Technologies
Published: 30 September 2014
Fig. 17 (a) The generation of thermal residual stresses in comparison with (b–e) various possibilities for the generation of hardening residual stresses. Source: Ref 60
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Basic types of hardening stresses. (a) Thermal type: transformation under c...
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in Residual Stresses and Distortion in Quenched and Tempered Steels
> Steel Heat Treating Technologies
Published: 30 September 2014
Fig. 19 Basic types of hardening stresses. (a) Thermal type: transformation under compression in the surface. (b) Transition type: transformation under tension in the core and under compression in the surface. (c) Transformation type: transformation under tension in the core and under
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Examples of the causes of residual stresses. (a) Thermal distortion in a st...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 1 Examples of the causes of residual stresses. (a) Thermal distortion in a structure due to heating by solar radiation. (b) Residual stresses due to welding. (c) Residual stresses due to grinding. Source: Ref 4
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Combined thermal and microstructural transformation stresses during quenchi...
Available to PurchasePublished: 09 June 2014
Fig. 8 Combined thermal and microstructural transformation stresses during quenching from austenite to martensite. Source: Ref 30
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Development of thermal and residual stresses in the longitudinal direction ...
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in Heat Treatment Problems Associated with Design and Steel Selection[1]
> Heat Treating of Irons and Steels
Published: 01 October 2014
Fig. 7 Development of thermal and residual stresses in the longitudinal direction in a 100 mm (4 in.) diameter steel bar on water quenching from the austenitizing temperature, 850 °C (1560 °F). Transformation stresses are not taken into consideration. Source: Ref 11
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