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T-junction
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Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Image
Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 11 Schematic representation of the T-junction method of determining which fracture surface to search to locate the crack origin. Because B does not cross A but meets it at about 90°, B occurred later and cannot contain the crack origin.
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Image
Published: 01 June 2024
Fig. 4 Schematic representation of a T-junction analysis, where crack A formed prior to and arrested the growth of crack B
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Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 13 Two practical methods of revising Y-junctions to T-junctions, to reduce the mass of metal at the junctions. With all walls the same thickness and all radii equal, in (a) the circle inscribed in the Y-junction is approximately 23 percent larger than the circle inscribed in the T
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Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 6 Comparison of defects in T-junctions produced under controlled conditions to encourage the defects. Section size of tests: 3 by 3 in. unless otherwise noted
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Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009024
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract In most castings, there are junctions between intersecting component members. This article describes how defects can be eliminated in five types of junctions in steel castings, namely the L-junction, T-junction, V-junction, X-junction, and Y-junction. It also discusses design...
Abstract
In most castings, there are junctions between intersecting component members. This article describes how defects can be eliminated in five types of junctions in steel castings, namely the L-junction, T-junction, V-junction, X-junction, and Y-junction. It also discusses design considerations for junctions in aluminum castings and provides a comparison between the T-junction and Y-junction. Finally, the article illustrates recommended methods for minimizing defects where sections of unequal thickness form a junction.
Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 12 Comparison of the mass of metal of Y- and T-junctions with all walls the same thickness and all radii equal. The inscribed circle in the Y-junction (a) is about 35 percent larger than inscribed circle in junction (b).
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Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 15 Recommended designs for proper blending of unequal sections for a T-junction (a) and an L-junction (b)
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Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 14 Y-junctions caused porosity in this 17-4 PH stainless steel investment casting. (a) Revising to T-junctions. (b) eliminated the cause of the defects.
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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 13 Grain boundaries in polycrystalline iron. Most of the triple junctions of the grain boundaries form 120° angles. 5% nital. 250×
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 1 General features to locate origin from crack paths (a) branching and (b) sequencing of cracking by the T-junction procedure, where fracture A precedes and arrests fracture B
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Image
Published: 01 June 2024
Fig. 33 Examples of fractographic evidence of failure sequence. (a) Relative areas of fatigue fracture versus overload fracture can indicate the first bolt to fail in a bolted joint. (b) Assuming equal crack-propagation rates, the longer crack occurred first. (c) T-junction analysis can
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Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009015
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... of simple shapes, such as T-sections, X-sections, and L-sections, are discussed. The article also presents an overview of geometric factors that influence heat transfer and transport phenomena. It concludes with a description of the structure and properties of castings. casting solidification...
Abstract
This article provides a general introduction on casting processes and design techniques. It discusses the process steps and methods of the main categories of shape casting methods, namely, expendable molds with permanent patterns, expendable molds with expendable patterns, and metal or permanent mold processes. The article lists the general guidelines of geometry in casting design. It describes the three separate contractions that are a result of cooling: liquid-liquid contraction, solid-solid contraction, and liquid-solid contraction. Factors influencing the solidification sequence of simple shapes, such as T-sections, X-sections, and L-sections, are discussed. The article also presents an overview of geometric factors that influence heat transfer and transport phenomena. It concludes with a description of the structure and properties of castings.
Image
in Thermocouple Materials
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
in the thermocouple wire, and PX and NX designate elements in the extension wire. T 2 = hot-junction temperature; T 1 = cold-junction temperature; and T H = head-junction temperature (205 °C, or 400 °F). Adapted from Ref 3
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Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005299
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... such that solidification time ( T s ): T s = C ( V A ) 2 where V is volume, A is surface area, and C is an experimentally determined value that depends on mold material, thermal properties of casting metal, and pouring temperature relative to melting point. A casting with a higher volume...
Abstract
Sand mold and permanent mold casting are the major methods for shape casting of steels, with production closely split among green sand, chemically bonded sand, and permanent mold processes. This article describes key aspects of the steel casting process, including steel solidification characteristics, melting practices, melt treatment, and feeding of the molten steel into the mold used in steel foundries. It discusses the features of melting furnaces used in direct arc melting and induction melting. It reviews factors such as wall thickness and designing for avoidance of hot spots. The article explains the sand casting and permanent mold casting of steel. The process design and casting of thin sections are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005422
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
..., it is possible to expand Eq 9 to include the forces F → M i acting on the triple junction due to the torque: (Eq 10a) F → gb = ∑ i n γ i ⋅ t → i Δ s i + F → M i = ∑ i n γ i ⋅ t → i − M ( φ ) i ⋅ n...
Abstract
This article reviews network models and their applications for the simulation of various physical phenomena related to grain-boundary migration. It discusses the steps involved in the implementation of two and three-dimensional network models, namely, acquisition and discretization of the microstructure, formulation of the equation of motion, and implementation of the topological transformations. The article presents examples that illustrate the simulation of physical phenomena to demonstrate the predictive power and flexibility of network models.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001109
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
..., then the phase difference Δφ will also be a function of time. The changing phase produces a voltage across the junction, which is given by: (Eq 9) 2 eV = ( h / 2 π ) d ( Δ φ ) / d t These two equations, which relate the phase differences across a weak link or tunneling junction...
Abstract
Superconductivity has been found in a wide range of materials, including pure metals, alloys, compounds, oxides, and organic materials. Providing information on the basic principles, this article discusses the theoretical background, types of superconductors, and critical parameters of superconductivity. It discusses the magnetic properties of selected superconductors and types of stabilization, including cryogenic stability, adiabatic stability, and dynamic stability. The article also focuses on alternating current losses in superconductors, including hysteresis loss, penetration loss, eddy current loss, and radio frequency loss. Furthermore, the article describes the flux pinning phenomenon and Josephson effects.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001098
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... an electric current to flow continuously through the circuit and is termed Seebeck emf in honor of its discoverer. Figure 1(a) is a schematic diagram of two electrical conductors, A and B, whose two junctions are exposed to different temperatures, T 1 and T 2 . The thermal emf generated...
Abstract
This article provides an in-depth review of thermocouples and the metals from which they are made. It explains how dissimilar metal conductors in contact at opposite ends can generate an electromotive force if the junctions are heated or cooled to different temperatures. The article discusses thermocouple circuits and instrumentation, calibration methods, insulation requirements, operating ranges, measurement errors, and maintenance procedures. It also provides property data and emf curves for common metals and thermocouple types, and contains information on color coding used around the world.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003592
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... − ions. As a result, a charge separation appears at the limit between the two liquids, the liquid junction. This produces a potential difference called the liquid junction potential, which is included in the measured voltage, V , as expressed in: (Eq 12) V = V T − V R + V LJP...
Abstract
Electrode potential is a key parameter in the thermodynamic and kinetic processes that drive aqueous corrosion. This article discusses the complexities associated with measuring electrode potential and explains where and how to use reference electrodes to improve measurement accuracy. It describes a three-electrode approach that compensates for measurement error stemming from nonequilibrium conditions. It also examines electrode materials and behaviors and offers insights on selection and operating conditions.
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