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Book Chapter
Environmental Stress Cracking
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006917
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... Abstract While there are many fracture mechanisms that can lead to the failure of a plastic component, environmental stress cracking (ESC) is recognized as one of the leading causes of plastic failure. This article focuses on unpacking the basic concepts of ESC to provide the engineer...
Abstract
While there are many fracture mechanisms that can lead to the failure of a plastic component, environmental stress cracking (ESC) is recognized as one of the leading causes of plastic failure. This article focuses on unpacking the basic concepts of ESC to provide the engineer with a better understanding of how to evaluate and prevent it. It then presents factors that affect and contribute to the susceptibility of plastic to ESC: material factors, chemical factors, stress, and environmental factors. The article includes the collection of background information to understand the circumstances surrounding the failure, a fractographic evaluation to assess the cracking, and analytical testing to evaluate the material, design, manufacturing, and environmental factors.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003553
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article commences with a discussion on the characteristics of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and describes crack initiation and propagation during SCC. It reviews the various mechanisms of SCC and addresses electrochemical and stress-sorption theories. The article explains...
Abstract
This article commences with a discussion on the characteristics of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and describes crack initiation and propagation during SCC. It reviews the various mechanisms of SCC and addresses electrochemical and stress-sorption theories. The article explains the SCC, which occurs due to welding, metalworking process, and stress concentration, including options for investigation and corrective measures. It describes the sources of stresses in service and the effect of composition and metal structure on the susceptibility of SCC. The article provides information on specific ions and substances, service environments, and preservice environments responsible for SCC. It details the analysis of SCC failures, which include on-site examination, sampling, observation of fracture surface characteristics, macroscopic examination, microscopic examination, chemical analysis, metallographic analysis, and simulated-service tests. It provides case studies for the analysis of SCC service failures and their occurrence in steels, stainless steels, and commercial alloys of aluminum, copper, magnesium, and titanium.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003666
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Abstract This article describes the incubation, nucleation, and propagation of stress-corrosion cracking and how to evaluate it using standard tests. It discusses constant-strain, constant-load, bending, and uniaxial tension testing and how they compare when evaluating smooth and precracked...
Abstract
This article describes the incubation, nucleation, and propagation of stress-corrosion cracking and how to evaluate it using standard tests. It discusses constant-strain, constant-load, bending, and uniaxial tension testing and how they compare when evaluating smooth and precracked test specimens under elastic-strain, plastic-strain, and residual-stress conditions. The article provides guidance on specimen selection and preparation, strain rate, and test equipment. It also examines service and laboratory test environments and provides detailed information on how to test various steels and alloys and how to interpret test results.
Book Chapter
Stress-Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002388
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... Abstract Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) is a cracking phenomenon that occurs in susceptible alloys, and is caused by the conjoint action of tensile stress and the presence of a specific corrosive environment. This article provides an overview of the anodic dissolution mechanisms and cathodic...
Abstract
Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) is a cracking phenomenon that occurs in susceptible alloys, and is caused by the conjoint action of tensile stress and the presence of a specific corrosive environment. This article provides an overview of the anodic dissolution mechanisms and cathodic mechanisms for SCC. It discusses the materials, environmental, and mechanical factors that control hydrogen embrittlement and SCC behavior of different engineering materials with emphasis on carbon and low-alloy steels, high-strength steels, stainless steels, nickel-base alloys, aluminum alloys, and titanium alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006785
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Abstract Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) is a form of corrosion and produces wastage in that the stress-corrosion cracks penetrate the cross-sectional thickness of a component over time and deteriorate its mechanical strength. Although there are factors common among the different forms...
Abstract
Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) is a form of corrosion and produces wastage in that the stress-corrosion cracks penetrate the cross-sectional thickness of a component over time and deteriorate its mechanical strength. Although there are factors common among the different forms of environmentally induced cracking, this article deals only with SCC of metallic components. It begins by presenting terminology and background of SCC. Then, the general characteristics of SCC and the development of conditions for SCC as well as the stages of SCC are covered. The article provides a brief overview of proposed SCC propagation mechanisms. It discusses the processes involved in diagnosing SCC and the prevention and mitigation of SCC. Several engineering alloys are discussed with respect to their susceptibility to SCC. This includes a description of some of the environmental and metallurgical conditions commonly associated with the development of SCC, although not all, and numerous case studies.
Book Chapter
Modeling of Quenching, Residual-Stress Formation, and Quench Cracking
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005530
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... neglecting and incorporating material transformation effects, used to predict residual stresses are reviewed. The article also explains the various aspects of models used to prevent cracking during heating and quenching. cooling rate crack resistance heat-transfer coefficient quench cracking...
Abstract
This article provides information on the boundary conditions that must be applied to model the heat-transfer coefficient (HTC) in a component being cooled. It describes the historical perspective of various experiments to determine the HTCs. Computational fluid dynamics codes have also been used to predict the HTCs around a part. The article provides information on the various modeling studies used to predict cooling rates in a component. The prediction of residual stresses by validation and optimization of residual stress models is also discussed. Several techniques, such as models neglecting and incorporating material transformation effects, used to predict residual stresses are reviewed. The article also explains the various aspects of models used to prevent cracking during heating and quenching.
Book Chapter
Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Aluminum Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006545
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
... Abstract In high-strength aluminum alloys, stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) is known to occur in ordinary atmospheres and aqueous environments. This article discusses the mechanisms of SCC in aluminum alloys, providing information on two main types of SCC models: those of anodic dissolution...
Abstract
In high-strength aluminum alloys, stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) is known to occur in ordinary atmospheres and aqueous environments. This article discusses the mechanisms of SCC in aluminum alloys, providing information on two main types of SCC models: those of anodic dissolution based on electrochemical theory and those that involve the stress-sorption theory of mechanical fracture. It reviews three different categories of experiments used to compare SCC performance of candidate materials for service. The categories are tests on statically loaded smooth samples, tests on statically loaded precracked samples, and tests using slowly straining samples. The article describes SCC susceptibility and ratings of SCC resistance for high-strength wrought aluminum products, such as 2xxx, 5xxx, and 7xxx series alloys, aluminum-lithium alloys, and 7xxx alloys containing copper.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003633
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Abstract Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) is a phenomenon in which time-dependent crack growth occurs when the necessary electrochemical, mechanical, and metallurgical conditions exist. This article provides an overview of the environmental phenomenon, mechanisms, and controlling parameters...
Abstract
Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) is a phenomenon in which time-dependent crack growth occurs when the necessary electrochemical, mechanical, and metallurgical conditions exist. This article provides an overview of the environmental phenomenon, mechanisms, and controlling parameters of SCC. It describes the phenomenological and mechanistic aspects of the initiation and propagation of SCC. The article includes a phenomenological description of crack initiation and propagation that describes well-established experimental evidence and observations of stress corrosion. Discussions on mechanisms describe the physical process involved in crack initiation and propagation. The article also includes information on dissolution models and mechanical fracture models.
Book Chapter
Corrosion Fatigue and Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Metallic Biomaterials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005654
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... Abstract This article describes mechanical/electrochemical phenomena related to in vivo degradation of metals used for biomedical applications. It discusses the properties and failure of these materials as they relate to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and corrosion fatigue (CF). The article...
Abstract
This article describes mechanical/electrochemical phenomena related to in vivo degradation of metals used for biomedical applications. It discusses the properties and failure of these materials as they relate to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and corrosion fatigue (CF). The article presents the factors related to the use of surgical implants and their deterioration in the body environment, including biomedical aspects, chemical environment, and electrochemical fundamentals needed for characterizing CF and SCC. It provides a discussion on the use of metallic biomaterials in surgical implant applications, such as orthopedic, cardiovascular surgery, and dentistry. It addresses key issues related to the simulation of an in vivo environment, service conditions, and data interpretation. These include the frequency of dynamic loading, electrolyte chemistry, applicable loading modes, cracking mode superposition, and surface area effects. The article explains the fundamentals of CF and SCC, and presents the test findings from laboratory, in vivo, and retrieval studies.
Book Chapter
Corrosion Fatigue and Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Metallic Biomaterials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004208
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... related to CF and SCC. biological response cobalt alloys corrosion fatigue dental amalgam stainless steels stress-corrosion cracking titanium alloys AS THE FIELD OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE proceeds into the 21st century, many changes are taking place. Traditionally, biomaterials have been...
Abstract
This article provides information on biomedical aspects such as active biological responses and the chemical environment characterizing the internal physiological milieu, as well as electrochemical fundamentals needed for characterizing corrosion fatigue (CF) and stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). It discusses some of the mechanical and electrochemical phenomena related to the in vivo degradation of materials used for biomedical applications. These materials include stainless steels, cobalt and titanium-base alloy systems, and dental amalgam. The article addresses key issues related to the simulation of the in vivo environment, service conditions, and data interpretation. The factors influencing susceptibility to CF and SCC are reviewed. The article describes the testing methodology of CF and SCC. It also summarizes findings from laboratory testing, in vivo testing and retrieval studies related to CF and SCC.
Book Chapter
Effect of Irradiation on Stress-Corrosion Cracking and Corrosion in Light Water Reactors
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004147
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... for irradiation-assisted stress-corrosion cracking. The article addresses the effects of various radiation factors on corrosion. These include radiation-induced segregation at grain boundaries, radiation hardening, mode of deformation, radiation creep relaxation, and radiolysis. The article discusses a variety...
Abstract
This article examines the understanding of persistent material changes produced in stainless alloys during light water reactor (LWR) irradiation based on the fundamentals of radiation damage and existing experimental measurements. It summarizes the overall trends and correlations for irradiation-assisted stress-corrosion cracking. The article addresses the effects of various radiation factors on corrosion. These include radiation-induced segregation at grain boundaries, radiation hardening, mode of deformation, radiation creep relaxation, and radiolysis. The article discusses a variety of approaches for mitigating stress-corrosion cracking in LWRs, in categories of water chemistry, operating guidelines, new alloys, design issues, and stress mitigation. It concludes with a discussion on the irradiation effects of irradiation on corrosion of zirconium alloys in LWR environments.
Image
Effect of environmental stress cracking agents on creep rupture performance...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Image
Method of plotting results of sulfide stress cracking tests. Open symbols i...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2003
Fig. 51 Method of plotting results of sulfide stress cracking tests. Open symbols indicate failure; closed symbols indicate runouts. Source: Ref 120
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Image
Incubation time prior to hydrogen stress cracking for AISI type 4340 and ty...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1998
Fig. 15 Incubation time prior to hydrogen stress cracking for AISI type 4340 and type D-6AC steel contoured double-cantilever beam test specimens as a function of decrease in stress intensity
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Image
Effect of environmental stress cracking agents on creep rupture performance...
Available to Purchase
in Effect of Environment on the Performance of Plastics
> Characterization and Failure Analysis of Plastics
Published: 15 May 2022
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Environmental stress cracking fixtures for strain-controlled bent test acco...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 May 2022
Fig. 8 Environmental stress cracking fixtures for strain-controlled bent test according to (a) ISO 22088-3 and (b) ASTM D543, Practice B
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Image
Micrograph showing environmental stress cracking fractures originating at a...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 May 2022
Fig. 12 Micrograph showing environmental stress cracking fractures originating at a design corner within a molded component. Multiple cracks initiated, extended, and subsequently coalesced to form the fracture. Ridgelike features representing crack unions are present between the individual
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Image
Environmental stress-cracking fracture surface for a polycarbonate componen...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2024
Fig. 19 Environmental stress-cracking fracture surface for a polycarbonate component consisting of rib marks and localized deformed polymer. (a) Uncoated specimen, low-vacuum mode, backscattered electron compositional imaging, 10 kV accelerating voltage with a tungsten thermal-emission SEM
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Image
OM images of a CPVC environmental stress cracking fracture surface after ex...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2024
Fig. 17 OM images of a CPVC environmental stress cracking fracture surface after exposure to a 50:50 mixture of DOP and mineral oil at 1% strain. (a) Overall fracture surface highlighting multiple crack origins along the bottom edge of the sample (red arrows). (b) Magnified image of the slow
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Image
Sulfide stress cracking of a hard weld of a carbon steel vessel in sour wat...
Available to Purchase
in Corrosion in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Operations
> Corrosion: Environments and Industries
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 36 Sulfide stress cracking of a hard weld of a carbon steel vessel in sour water service. BHN, Brinell hardness. 40×
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