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Spalling wear
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Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002373
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
..., the bearing becomes noisy and rough running. If allowed to continue, fracture of the rolling element and catastrophic failure occurs. Fractured races can result from fatigue spalling and high hoop stresses. Rolling contact components have a fatigue life (number of cycles to develop a noticeable fatigue...
Abstract
Contact fatigue is a surface-pitting-type failure commonly found in ball or roller bearings. This article discusses the mechanisms of contact fatigue found in gears, cams, valves, rails, and gear couplings. It discusses the statistical analysis of rolling contact bearing-life tests. The article concludes with information on various approaches that improve the contact fatigue resistance of rolling contact systems.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003564
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... fatigue failure, the delamination failure, and the rolling-contact wear. ceramics delamination failure fatigue cracks propagation rolling contact fatigue test machines rolling-contact fatigue rolling-contact wear spalling fatigue failure surface cracks TECHNICAL CERAMICS used...
Abstract
Rolling-contact fatigue (RCF) is a surface damage process due to the repeated application of stresses when the surfaces of two bodies roll on each other. This article briefly describes the various surface cracks caused by manufacturing processing faults or blunt impact loads on ceramic balls surfaces. It discusses the propagation of fatigue cracks involved in rolling contacts. The characteristics of various types of RCF test machines are summarized. The article concludes with a discussion on the various failure modes of silicon nitride in rolling contact. These include the spalling fatigue failure, the delamination failure, and the rolling-contact wear.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006358
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... view as they grow below the contact surface. By the time cracks grow large enough to emerge at the surface and produce wear particles or delaminations, these particles may become large spalls or flakes, resulting in immediate component loss of function or efficiency. The first signs of RCW may...
Abstract
This article discusses the physical signs of rolling-contact wear (RCW). It lists the major considerations in gear design and describes the mechanisms of RCW. The article provides a guide to rolling-contact fatigue (RCF) testing methods. It explains the steps involved in the processes of RCF and RCW.
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 10 (a)–(c) Surface fatigue damage resulting from “natural” ring cracks and (d) line defects. (a) Ring cracks and wear track after 113 million stress cycles at crack location β = 0° and δ = 0, where β is the angle of the chord of ring crack to the central line of the contact track, and δ
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Image
Published: 31 December 2017
Fig. 10 Wear indicators measured for eight of the whole fleet. The sampling numbers do not represent constant time intervals. (a) Iron concentration based on rotating disc electrode optical emission spectroscopy (RDE-OES). (b) Wear particle concentration (WPC) and (c) D L / D S values
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Image
Published: 31 December 2017
of the ferrogram. Note the surface striations. (c) Cutting wear particles from an oil sample of a failing jet engine. (d) Rolling-element bearing fatigue spalls. Note the smooth surfaces and irregular contours. (e) Laminar fatigue particles generated by rolling-element bearings. Note the holes in the particles. (f
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Image
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 512 Surface of a spalling-fatigue fracture in a single tooth of a heavily loaded final-drive pinion of AISI 8620 steel, carburized and hardened to 60 HRC in the case, showing vertical scratches, which indicate that appreciable abrasive wear took place also. The surface ripples at right
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001810
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... bearings are designed on the principle of rolling contact rather than sliding contact; frictional effects, although low, are not negligible, and lubrication is essential. The article lists the typical characteristics and causes of several types of failures. It describes failure by wear, failure by fretting...
Abstract
Rolling-element bearings use rolling elements interposed between two raceways, and relative motion is permitted by the rotation of these elements. This article presents an overview of bearing materials, bearing-load ratings, and an examination of failed bearings. Rolling-element bearings are designed on the principle of rolling contact rather than sliding contact; frictional effects, although low, are not negligible, and lubrication is essential. The article lists the typical characteristics and causes of several types of failures. It describes failure by wear, failure by fretting, failure by corrosion, failure by plastic flow, failure by rolling-contact fatigue, and failure by damage. The article discusses the effects of fabrication practices, heat treatment and hardness of bearing components, and lubrication of rolling-element bearings with a few examples.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003566
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... contact. Hence, the spalling of gear teeth and bearing materials is also known as fatigue wear or rolling contact fatigue. Spalling damage on a surface can also occur from impact events. For example, the spalling of striking/struck tools is of considerable interest from the engineering, economic...
Abstract
This article briefly reviews the analysis methods for spalling of striking tools with emphasis on field tests conducted by A.H. Burn and on the laboratory tests of H.O. McIntire and G.K. Manning and of J.W. Lodge. It focuses on the metallography and fractography of spalling. The macrostructure and microstructure of spall cavities are described, along with some aspects of the numerous specifications for striking/struck tools. The article also describes the availability of spall-resistant metals and the safety aspects of striking/struck tools in railway applications.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001815
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... or spalling), rolling contact, thermal fatigue Impact Tooth bending, tooth shear, tooth chipping, case crushing, torsional shear Wear Abrasive, adhesive Stress rupture Internal, external Fatigue Fatigue failure results from cracking under repeated stresses much lower than the ultimate...
Abstract
Gears can fail in many different ways, and except for an increase in noise level and vibration, there is often no indication of difficulty until total failure occurs. This article reviews the major types of gears and the basic principles of gear-tooth contact. It discusses the loading conditions and stresses that effect gear strength and durability. The article provides information on different gear materials, the common types and causes of gear failures, and the procedures employed to analyze them. Finally, it presents a chosen few examples to illustrate a systematic approach to the failure examination.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006383
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... Abstract This article focuses on different aspects of wear particle analysis. It discusses the different wear regimes in the wear rate versus time (bathtub) curve. The article explains the essence of condition monitoring and how to properly sample lubricants for condition monitoring. It also...
Abstract
This article focuses on different aspects of wear particle analysis. It discusses the different wear regimes in the wear rate versus time (bathtub) curve. The article explains the essence of condition monitoring and how to properly sample lubricants for condition monitoring. It also discusses in-service lubricant analysis for condition monitoring, focusing on the spectrometric oil analysis program. The article describes the characteristics of wear particles and analytical techniques for characterizing them. It also describes the characteristics of different types of wear particles and the mechanisms by which they are generated. The article concludes with a summary of the major applications of wear particle analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003563
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... alternating stress field within the rolling-contact bodies, which eventually leads to material removal. The mechanism of RCF thus differs from the delamination theory of wear ( Ref 1 , 2 ), which also relies on cyclic loading but in sliding conditions and at asperity level. The alternating stress field...
Abstract
A major cause of failure in components subjected to rolling or rolling/sliding contacts is contact fatigue. This article focuses on the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) performance and failure modes of overlay coatings such as those deposited by physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, and thermal spraying (TS). It provides a background to RCF in bearing steels in order to develop an understanding of failure modes in overlay coatings. The article describes the underpinning failure mechanisms of TiN and diamond-like carbon coatings. It presents an insight into the design considerations of coating-substrate material properties, coating thickness, and coating processes to combat RCF failure in TS coatings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006420
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... Abstract Boronizing is a case hardening process for metals to improve the wear life and galling resistance of metal surfaces. Boronizing can be carried out using several techniques. This article discusses the powder pack cementation process for carrying out boronizing. It describes...
Abstract
Boronizing is a case hardening process for metals to improve the wear life and galling resistance of metal surfaces. Boronizing can be carried out using several techniques. This article discusses the powder pack cementation process for carrying out boronizing. It describes the structures of boride layers in ferrous materials and boride-layer structures in nickel-base superalloys. The primary reason for boriding metals is to increase wear resistance against abrasion and erosion. The article reviews the wear resistance and coefficient of friction of boride layers, as well as galling resistance of borided surfaces. It concludes with a discussion on boronizing plus physical vapor deposition (PVD) overlay coating.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006789
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
.... Wear may occur by rolling-sliding or by surface fatigue (rolling-contact fatigue, or RCF), but eventually RCF begins, and lines of travel caused by micropitting may appear on bearing surfaces. Rolling lines of travel can progress to visible pitting and even spalling. When the mechanical action...
Abstract
This article considers the main characteristics of wear mechanisms and how they can be identified. Some identification examples are reported, with the warning that this task can be difficult because of the presence of disturbing factors such as contaminants or possible additional damage of the worn products after the tribological process. Then, the article describes some examples of wear processes, considering possible transitions and/or interactions of the mechanism of fretting wear, rolling-sliding wear, abrasive wear, and solid-particle erosion wear. The role of tribological parameters on the material response is presented using the wear map concept, which is very useful and informative in several respects. The article concludes with guidelines for the selection of suitable surface treatments to avoid wear failures.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003751
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... exceptional wear resistance. However, D2 tool steel is also brittle and sensitive to abuse by an impact force. Certain rolls from the same vendor would perform adequately, whereas other rolls would break and spall immediately after being installed. Field metallography was employed in the roll shop to examine...
Abstract
This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of field metallography and describes the important material characteristics and other aspects to be considered before performing any metallographic procedure. It investigates the various stages of sample preparation in the metallographic laboratory: grinding, polishing, etching, preparing a replica, and obtaining a small sample. The article also illustrates the applications of field metallography with case studies.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005772
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... Abstract Boriding is a thermochemical diffusion-based surface-hardening process that can be applied to a wide variety of ferrous, nonferrous, and cermet materials. It is performed on metal components as a solution for extending the life of metal parts that wear out too quickly in applications...
Abstract
Boriding is a thermochemical diffusion-based surface-hardening process that can be applied to a wide variety of ferrous, nonferrous, and cermet materials. It is performed on metal components as a solution for extending the life of metal parts that wear out too quickly in applications involving severe wear. This article presents a variety of methods and media used for boriding of ferrous materials, and explains their advantages, limitations, and applications. These methods include pack cementation boriding, gas boriding, plasma boriding, electroless salt bath boriding, electrolytic salt bath boriding, and fluidized-bed boriding. The article briefly describes the chemical vapor deposition process, which has emerged to be dominant among metal-boride deposition processes.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003565
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... wear regime characterized by material smearing and transfer Abrasion: equally severe, one-body or two-body modes lead to the formation of ploughing grooves Surface fatigue: more severe wear again, leading to subsurface crack nucleation and subsequent delamination or spalling of surface...
Abstract
This article discusses the generic features of impact wear on metals, ceramics, and polymers. It describes normal impact wear and compound impact wear, as well as the features of impact wear testing apparatus such as ballistic impact wear apparatus and pivotal hammer impact wear apparatus. Most mechanical components continue to be functional beyond the zero wear limit, and their usefulness is normally connected with the loss of a specific depth of material. The article reviews the zero impact wear model and some measurable impact wear models. It presents a case study illustrating the impact of wear failure on automotive engine inlet valves and seat inserts.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005179
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... Abstract This article introduces process factors that influence die wear and lubrication for metal forming operations such as bending, spinning, stretching, deep drawing, and ironing. It discusses the effects of part shape, sheet thickness, tolerance requirements, sheet metal, and lubrication...
Abstract
This article introduces process factors that influence die wear and lubrication for metal forming operations such as bending, spinning, stretching, deep drawing, and ironing. It discusses the effects of part shape, sheet thickness, tolerance requirements, sheet metal, and lubrication on shallow forming dies. The article describes the wear of material for dies to draw round and square cup-shaped metal parts in a press. It also discusses the effect of process conditions on the shallow forming dies.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006793
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... and subsequent delamination or spalling of surface material Plastic deformation: while not leading to actual material removal, causes displacement of material from the contact area through “mushrooming” Several of these mechanisms of impact wear are shown in Fig. 4 . Figure 5 also illustrates how...
Abstract
Impact or percussive wear is defined as the wear of a solid surface that is due to percussion, which is a repetitive exposure to dynamic contact by another body. Impact wear, however, has many analogies to the field of erosive wear. The main difference is that, in impact wear situations, the bodies tend to be large and contact in a well-defined location in a controlled way, unlike erosion where the eroding particles are small and interact randomly with the target surface. This article describes some generic features and modes of impact wear of metals, ceramics, and polymers. It discusses the processes involved in testing and modeling of impact wear, and includes two case studies.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003560
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... speculated that high-stress grinding abrasion produces wear by a combination of cutting, plastic deformation, surface fracture on a microscopic scale, as well as by tearing and fatigue, or spalling ( Ref 9 ). In ore processing plants, high-stress abrasion produces practically all of the wear on grinding...
Abstract
Wear, a form of surface deterioration, is a factor in a majority of component failures. This article is primarily concerned with abrasive wear mechanisms such as plastic deformation, cutting, and fragmentation which, at their core, stem from a difference in hardness between contacting surfaces. Adhesive wear, the type of wear that occurs between two mutually soluble materials, is also discussed, as is erosive wear, liquid impingement, and cavitation wear. The article also presents a procedure for failure analysis and provides a number of detailed examples, including jaw-type rock crusher wear, electronic circuit board drill wear, grinding plate wear failure analysis, impact wear of disk cutters, and identification of abrasive wear modes in martensitic steels.
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