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Book Chapter

Spalling from Impact Events

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By Dennis L. McGarry, Gordon W. Powell, Cameron Lonsdale
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003566
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article briefly reviews the analysis methods for spalling of striking tools with emphasis on field tests conducted by A.H. Burn and on the laboratory tests of H.O. McIntire and G.K. Manning and of J.W. Lodge. It focuses on the metallography and fractography of spalling...
Abstract
This article briefly reviews the analysis methods for spalling of striking tools with emphasis on field tests conducted by A.H. Burn and on the laboratory tests of H.O. McIntire and G.K. Manning and of J.W. Lodge. It focuses on the metallography and fractography of spalling. The macrostructure and microstructure of spall cavities are described, along with some aspects of the numerous specifications for striking/struck tools. The article also describes the availability of spall-resistant metals and the safety aspects of striking/struck tools in railway applications.
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Image

Spalling of the hard surface region of a rail head was caused by rolling-co...

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in Visual Examination and Light Microscopy > Fractography
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 68 Spalling of the hard surface region of a rail head was caused by rolling-contact fatigue in service. The hard area was formed by localized overheating, probably by spinning locomotive wheels. (a) Section through rail head, with field side at top and gage side at bottom. (b) Rail More
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Surface of a spalling-fatigue fracture in a single tooth of a heavily loade...

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in AISI/SAE Alloy Steels: Atlas of Fractographs > Fractography
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 512 Surface of a spalling-fatigue fracture in a single tooth of a heavily loaded final-drive pinion of AISI 8620 steel, carburized and hardened to 60 HRC in the case, showing vertical scratches, which indicate that appreciable abrasive wear took place also. The surface ripples at right More
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Another example of spalling caused by a quench crack. (a) 7×. (b) 28×

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in Spalling from Impact Events > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 31 Another example of spalling caused by a quench crack. (a) 7×. (b) 28× More
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Damage from surface deterioration and spalling in the drawn-cup outer racew...

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in Failures of Rolling-Element Bearings[1] > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 16 Damage from surface deterioration and spalling in the drawn-cup outer raceway of a needle-roller bearing because the rollers were overloaded at one end. More
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Spalling damage on the end of a shaft that served as roller-bearing raceway...

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in Failures of Rolling-Element Bearings[1] > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 20 Spalling damage on the end of a shaft that served as roller-bearing raceway. The spalling was initiated at subsurface inclusions. More
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The surface of an AISI A4 primer cup plate showing spalling at one of the 3...

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in Failures of Tools and Dies[1] > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 7 The surface of an AISI A4 primer cup plate showing spalling at one of the 3.2-mm ( 1 8 -in.) diam holes made by EDM. The surface was etched with 10% aqueous nitric acid to bring out the influence of the EDM operation at the spall. 2.5× More
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Subsurface cracking that subsequently resulted in spalling at a gear-tooth ...

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in Failures of Gears[1] > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 29 Subsurface cracking that subsequently resulted in spalling at a gear-tooth edge. Unetched section of a carburized AMS 6260 steel gear tooth. Cracking initiated in the transition zone between the carburized case and the core. 500× More
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Spalling on a tooth of a steel spur sun gear shaft. (a) Overall view of spa...

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in Failures of Gears[1] > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 30 Spalling on a tooth of a steel spur sun gear shaft. (a) Overall view of spalled tooth. (b) Micrograph of an unetched section taken through the spalled area showing progressive subsurface cracking. 100× More
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More severe material fracture/spalling on surface of disk made from tougher...

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in Abrasive Wear Failures > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 24 More severe material fracture/spalling on surface of disk made from tougher, medium-carbon alloy steel More
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Spalling of thermally sprayed WC-Co coating

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in Rolling Contact Fatigue > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 18 Spalling of thermally sprayed WC-Co coating More
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Spalling fatigue failure resulting from artificially induced ring/cone crac...

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in Rolling-Contact Fatigue of Ceramics > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 8 Spalling fatigue failure resulting from artificially induced ring/cone cracks (SEM micrographs). (a) Single spall. (b) Double spall More
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Subsurface observation of spalling fatigue failure (optical micrograph)

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in Rolling-Contact Fatigue of Ceramics > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 11 Subsurface observation of spalling fatigue failure (optical micrograph) More
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First fixture used by Lodge to simulate spalling. Source: Ref 4

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in Spalling from Impact Events > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 2 First fixture used by Lodge to simulate spalling. Source: Ref 4 More
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Second fixture used by Lodge to simulate spalling. Courtesy of J.E. McGarry...

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in Spalling from Impact Events > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 3 Second fixture used by Lodge to simulate spalling. Courtesy of J.E. McGarry More
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Device used by Velez and Powell to investigate the spalling of 1060 steel. ...

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in Spalling from Impact Events > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 6 Device used by Velez and Powell to investigate the spalling of 1060 steel. Source: Ref 5 More
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Schematics of the degradation mechanisms of spalling, oxidation, and inward...

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in Elevated-Temperature Life Assessment for Turbine Components, Piping, and Tubing > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 25 Schematics of the degradation mechanisms of spalling, oxidation, and inward diffusion for coatings More
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Contact fatigue spalling of cam lifter surface. Source: Ref 3

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in Contact Fatigue > Fatigue and Fracture
Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 4 Contact fatigue spalling of cam lifter surface. Source: Ref 3 More
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Pitch line spalling of medium-hardened gears. Source: Ref 4

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in Contact Fatigue > Fatigue and Fracture
Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 5 Pitch line spalling of medium-hardened gears. Source: Ref 4 More
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Spalling on precast concrete panels occurred in three years after exposure ...

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in Corrosion in Cold Climates > Corrosion: Environments and Industries
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 4 Spalling on precast concrete panels occurred in three years after exposure to seawater during shipment. Reinforcing bars are exposed. More