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Gregory A. Fett, Arthur Griebel, John Tartaglia
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Valery Rudnev, Gregory A. Fett, S. Lee Semiatin
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Valery Rudnev, Gregory A. Fett, Arthur Griebel, John Tartaglia
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Howard W. Penrose
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Ronald R. Akers
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Shafts (power)
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Book Chapter
High-Carbon Steels: Atlas of Fractographs
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000607
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
...-embrittlement fracture, fatigue crack propagation, and corrosion fatigue of components made from high-carbon steels. The high-carbon steel components include bull gear, drive shaft, power boiler stoker grate, steel wheel, spring wire, suspension spring, automotive engine valve spring, power spring, cantilever...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of high-carbon steels and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the following: torsional fatigue fracture, hydrogen-embrittlement fracture, fatigue crack propagation, and corrosion fatigue of components made from high-carbon steels. The high-carbon steel components include bull gear, drive shaft, power boiler stoker grate, steel wheel, spring wire, suspension spring, automotive engine valve spring, power spring, cantilever-type spring, railroad rail, and seamless drill pipe.
Image
Shaft hardened with independently controlled frequency and power (IFP) powe...
Available to Purchase
in Power Supplies for Induction Heat Treating, Brazing, and Soldering
> Induction Heating and Heat Treatment
Published: 09 June 2014
Fig. 21 Shaft hardened with independently controlled frequency and power (IFP) power supply showing the effect of varying frequency “on the fly” during the scan. Courtesy of Radyne Corporation
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Image
in Defects and Abnormal Characteristics of Induction Hardened Components
> Induction Heating and Heat Treatment
Published: 09 June 2014
Image
Radial power density (heat source) distribution within the shaft at austeni...
Available to PurchasePublished: 09 June 2014
Fig. 7 Radial power density (heat source) distribution within the shaft at austenitizing temperature using different frequencies: 125, 30, 10, and 1 kHz
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Image
Published: 01 January 1993
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Published: 01 January 1993
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006810
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... Abstract In addition to failures in shafts, this article discusses failures in connecting rods, which translate rotary motion to linear motion (and conversely), and in piston rods, which translate the action of fluid power to linear motion. It begins by discussing the origins of fracture. Next...
Abstract
In addition to failures in shafts, this article discusses failures in connecting rods, which translate rotary motion to linear motion (and conversely), and in piston rods, which translate the action of fluid power to linear motion. It begins by discussing the origins of fracture. Next, the article describes the background information about the shaft used for examination. Then, it focuses on various failures in shafts, namely bending fatigue, torsional fatigue, axial fatigue, contact fatigue, wear, brittle fracture, and ductile fracture. Further, the article discusses the effects of distortion and corrosion on shafts. Finally, it discusses the types of stress raisers and the influence of changes in shaft diameter.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001808
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article discusses failures in shafts such as connecting rods, which translate rotary motion to linear motion, and in piston rods, which translate the action of fluid power to linear motion. It describes the process of examining a failed shaft to guide the direction of failure...
Abstract
This article discusses failures in shafts such as connecting rods, which translate rotary motion to linear motion, and in piston rods, which translate the action of fluid power to linear motion. It describes the process of examining a failed shaft to guide the direction of failure investigation and corrective action. Fatigue failures in shafts, such as bending fatigue, torsional fatigue, contact fatigue, and axial fatigue, are reviewed. The article provides information on the brittle fracture, ductile fracture, distortion, and corrosion of shafts. Abrasive wear and adhesive wear of metal parts are also discussed. The article concludes with a discussion on the influence of metallurgical factors and fabrication practices on the fatigue properties of materials, as well as the effects of surface coatings.
Book Chapter
Defects and Abnormal Characteristics of Induction Hardened Components
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005871
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
..., the microstructure may remain as ferrite. Figure 14 shows an example of an induction-hardened shaft with this condition. Figures 1(a) and 14(b) are in the longitudinal direction, while Fig. 14(c) and 14(d) are in the transverse direction. This sample was intentionally run at a lower power setting than...
Abstract
Induction hardening involves multiple processing steps of heating and quenching which presents opportunity for errors and defects. This article discusses the common problems associated with induction hardening of shafts as well as the methods to diagnose, inspect, and prevent them. In addition to the major defects such as laps and seams that remain after induction hardening, microstructural transformation, decarburization, residual stress, and grain size, as well as variations in carbon content, composition, or microstructure can also affect the hardened part.
Book Chapter
Tempering of Induction Hardened Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005873
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... the same amount of softening and residual stress relief at all locations within a hardness region. This will be very dependent on the part geometry, the coil design, hardness pattern and position of the coil relative to the part, as well as the power and frequency used. If not done properly, there can...
Abstract
Tempering of induction-hardened steel is a form of subcritical heat treatment, primarily carried out to increase ductility, toughness, and dimensional stability, to relieve residual stresses, and to obtain specific values of mechanical properties. This article describes tempering with emphasis on different time-temperature exposure requirements for furnace and induction tempering. It discusses two parametric methods for correlating equivalent time-temperature condition: Hollomon-Jaffe tempering correlation and Grange-Baughman tempering correlation. The article describes different methods of induction tempering, namely, single-shot, progressive or continuous, scanning, and static heating methods. The effects of induction heating variables and hardenability on tempering response are examined. The article also provides examples of how tempering affects the mechanical properties of induction-hardened steels.
Image
Relationship between power density, time in coil, and hardened depth for sh...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 31 Relationship between power density, time in coil, and hardened depth for shaft hardening via a scanning method. Generator frequency = 10 kHz; minimum scanning rate = 50 mm/s 1 ; minimum shaft diameter = 16 mm (0.6 in.). Source: Ref 18
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Image
Actual temperature profile and power density distribution for induction sur...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 2010
Fig. 36 Actual temperature profile and power density distribution for induction surface hardening of carbon steel shafts using 10 kHz frequency. Case depth (CD) is 2 mm. The dashed line in the graph at right is the commonly assumed power density distribution. Source: Ref 1 , 104
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Image
Radial temperature distribution (a) and power density profile (b) for induc...
Available to PurchasePublished: 09 June 2014
Fig. 4 Radial temperature distribution (a) and power density profile (b) for induction surface hardening of carbon steel shafts using 10 kHz frequency. Case depth (CD) is 2 mm (0.08 in.). The dashed line in the graph is the commonly assumed power density distribution. Source: Ref 1 , 17
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Book
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.9781627081672
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
Image
(a) Radial distributions of temperature and (b) power density (solid line) ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 09 June 2014
Fig. 28 (a) Radial distributions of temperature and (b) power density (solid line) in induction surface hardening of carbon steel shafts using a frequency of 10 kHz. Required case depth (CD) is 2 mm. The dashed line in Fig. 28(b) is the commonly assumed ial power density distribution. Source
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Book Chapter
Principles of Induction Hardening and Inspection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005863
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... with the presence of magnetic properties in subsurface regions of a workpiece, while the surface reaches austenitizing temperatures thus being nonmagnetic. Reference 16 provides a case study of heating a 36 mm (1.4 in.) diameter medium-carbon steel shaft using a frequency of 10 kHz. Temperature and the power...
Abstract
Induction hardening of steel components is the most common application of induction heat treatment of steel. This article provides a detailed account of electromagnetic and thermal aspects of metallurgy of induction hardening of steels. It describes induction hardening techniques, namely, scan hardening, progressive hardening, single-shot hardening, and static hardening. The article discusses the techniques used to control the heat pattern, and provides a brief review of quenching techniques used in the induction hardening. It provides guidelines for selecting the frequency and power for induction hardening, and describes common methods for measuring case depth, such as optical and microhardness, and surface hardness. It provides information on some complications and ambiguities associated with these measurements. The article also discusses the commonly used non-destructive testing methods, namely, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, and eddy current testing to evaluate induction-hardened components.
Book Chapter
Electrical and Motor-Current Signature Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006430
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... of nuclear power plants. MCSA has a variety of sources, with the more accepted developments being related to the University of Edinburgh for testing off-shore drilling rig electric motors. The development of both technologies trace back to the late 1970s, with commercial applications after 1980...
Abstract
Through detection of the wear, risk assessment can be performed, along with a related time to failure estimation through technologies such as electrical signature analysis (ESA) and motor current signature analysis. This article discusses the principle of operation of data collectors for ESA measurements and illustrates the evaluation of broken rotor bars and a broken shaft. It describes the detection of faults in bearings using ESA and provides information on the investigation of gearboxes and related components in a wind generator.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003984
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... <xref rid="a0003984-ref1" ref-type="bibr">(Ref 1)</xref> In this compact design, four eccentric shafts in housings mounted on an octagonal frame are driven by a synchronizing gear, integrated into the forging box (see Fig. 4 ). This configuration offers improved machine dynamics and ensures tool synchronization with increased drive power...
Abstract
Radial forging is a process performed with four dies arranged in one plane that can act on a piece simultaneously. This article explains the types of radial forgings and describes the advantages and disadvantages of radial forging over open-die cogging/forging. The article discusses the parameters involved in product shape control. It also provides examples that illustrate the versatility and capabilities of the radial forge machine.
Book Chapter
Vertical Scanners, Horizontal Scanners, and Tooth by Tooth Scanners
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005847
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... to relatively light-duty units for scanning turbocharger impeller shafts. Selection is largely dependent on the optimal handling method to integrate into a plant or cell. The most common embodiment is to suspend the work station (and power supply, if suitable) from an overhead gantry-type structure...
Abstract
Scanners are the most versatile and flexible of the equipment available to the heat treating industry for induction hardening. This article provides a general overview of scanners, and describes various critical factors, including scan speeds, rotational speeds, and center total indicator runout of vertical scanners. It presents information on the frequency selection parameters for scanning applications. The article also discusses the critical parameters and production rates in specifying and developing a tooth-by-tooth hardening process.
Book Chapter
Presses and Auxiliary Equipment for Forming of Sheet Metal
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005112
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... Abstract This article describes the various types of press construction and the factors that influence the selection of mechanically or hydraulically powered machines for producing parts from sheet metal. Presses are broadly classified, according to the type of frame used in their construction...
Abstract
This article describes the various types of press construction and the factors that influence the selection of mechanically or hydraulically powered machines for producing parts from sheet metal. Presses are broadly classified, according to the type of frame used in their construction, into two main groups: gap-frame presses and straight-side presses. The article describes the various components of mechanical presses and hydraulic presses. It discusses important factors, such as the size, force, energy, and speed requirements, that influence the selection of a press. The article describes the roles of automatic handling equipment that can be categorized as feeding equipment, unloading equipment, and transfer equipment. It concludes with information on the common types of high-production presses, such as dieing machines, multiple-slide machines, transfer presses, fine blanking presses, and flexible-die forming presses.
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