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MER process
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Published: 30 September 2015
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006078
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Abstract This article provides a summary of the conventional technologies used for titanium powder production. It focuses on the various processes for titanium powder production, namely, Hunter, Kroll, Armstrong, MER, TIRO, FFC-Cambridge, Chinuka, and CSIR processes. Employment of titanium...
Abstract
This article provides a summary of the conventional technologies used for titanium powder production. It focuses on the various processes for titanium powder production, namely, Hunter, Kroll, Armstrong, MER, TIRO, FFC-Cambridge, Chinuka, and CSIR processes. Employment of titanium powder significantly improves the synthesis of titanium and its alloys.
Image
Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 10 Titanium deposits in (a) particulate, (b) flake, and (c) continuous form. Produced by various salt compositions and operating conditions of the MER process. Source: Ref 12
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Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003006
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... of the polymer will be referred to as the mer unit throughout this article. Types of Polymers There are various possible classification schemes for polymers. Typical classification categories include polymerization process, chemical elements that make up the monomer, or crystalline versus noncrystalline...
Abstract
This article outlines the fundamentals of polymer science and emphasizes the aspects that are necessary and useful to applications of engineering plastics. The basic structure of polymers influences the properties of both polymers and the plastics made from them. An understanding of this basic structure permits the engineers to understand which polymers may be acceptable for a certain application, and which may not. There are various possible classification schemes for polymers. Typical classification categories include polymerization process, chemical elements that make up the monomer, or crystalline versus noncrystalline structure. The article describes the various aspects of chemical structure that are important to an understanding of polymer properties and, thus, affect eventual end uses. It discusses different types of names assigned to polymers. The article details the aspects of polymer structure and examines the properties of polymers and the way they are altered by structure.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006925
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... General steps and the roles of synthesis and analysis in the processes of design and failure analysis. Source: Ref 3 Polymer Structure A polymer structure contains many (poly-) repeats of some simpler chemical unit, called a mer. Another term often used in place of mer unit is monomer unit...
Abstract
This introductory article describes the various aspects of chemical structure that are important to an understanding of polymer properties and thus their eventual effect on the end-use performance of engineering plastics. The polymers covered include hydrocarbon polymers, carbon-chain polymers, heterochain polymers, and polymers containing aromatic rings. The article also includes some general information on the classification and naming of polymers and plastics. The most important properties of polymers, namely, thermal, mechanical, chemical, electrical, and optical properties, and the most significant influences of structure on those properties are then discussed. A variety of engineering thermoplastics, including some that are regarded as high-performance thermoplastics, are covered in this article. In addition, a few examples of commodity thermoplastics and biodegradable thermoplastics are presented for comparison. Finally, the properties and applications of six common thermosets are briefly considered.
Image
Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 5 Prealloyed randomly shaped powder particles of Ti-6Al-4V alloy composition. (a) As produced by the CSIRO process. Courtesy of CSIRO, Australia. (b) As produced by magnesium reduction of a mixture of TiCl 4 -ALCl 4 -VCl 4 in a continuous flow reactor. Courtesy of MER Corporation
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Image
Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 7 Titanium powder samples obtained by electrolytic reduction methods for titanium extraction from its ores. (a) A sample of crystalline morphology of “electrowon” titanium particulates. Courtesy of MER Corporation. (b) Scanning electron micrograph image of unalloyed titanium powder
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Book Chapter
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003487
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... may play across a plas- automatic press. A hydraulic press for com- made by addition polymerization of mono- tic surface without rendering the surface con- pression molding or an injection machine that mers containing allyl groups; for example, ductive. operates continuously, being controlled me...
Book
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.9781627081955
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005676
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... information on polymer chemistry, processing, and properties can be found in the Selected References section at the end of this article. Chemical Composition of the Polymer Backbone Polymers are comprised of long, chainlike molecules with repeat units of atoms known as mono mers (poly mer = many...
Abstract
Polymers offer a wide range of choices for medical applications because of their versatility in properties and processing. This article provides an overview of polymeric materials and the characteristics that make them a unique class of materials. It describes the ways to classify polymers, including the polymerization method, how the material deforms, or molecular origin or stability. The article contains tables that list common medical polymers used in medical devices. It explains the medical polymer selection criteria and regulatory aspects of materials selection failure analysis and prevention. Failure analysis and prevention processes to determine the root cause of failures that arise at different stages of the product life cycle are reviewed. The article describes the mechanisms of plastic product failure analysis. It discusses the trends in the use of medical polymers, such as high-performance polymers for implants, tissue engineering, and bioresorbable polymers.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006095
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... in a continuous flow reactor. Courtesy of MER Corporation Fig. 6 The Armstrong process. (a) Production schematic of prealloyed (PA) randomly shaped powder particles of Ti-6Al-4V. (b) Micrograph. Courtesy of Cristal Metals, Inc. Fig. 7 Titanium powder samples obtained by electrolytic reduction...
Abstract
This article focuses on mechanical testing characterization of blended elemental powder metallurgy (PM) titanium alloys and prealloyed PM titanium alloys. It examines the tensile properties, fracture toughness, stress-corrosion threshold resistance, fatigue strength, crack propagation properties, and processing-microstructure-property relationships of these alloys. The article also reviews five considerations for powder process selection.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... carbon and oxygen atoms in a carbon dioxide molecule Assembly of Polymers from Atoms Atoms—by virtue of their electron movement and transfer, sharing, or polar attraction—form mer units, which, in turn, may further react to form polymers (many mers, or molecules). All materials are comprised...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006915
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... properties by looking at a structure on paper is an active area of research ( Ref 11 ). Molecular Structure Polymer molecules are chains of repeat units called mers. The length of the chain (number of mers) affects the thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of plastics, as shown in Table 3...
Abstract
This article provides practical information and data on property development in engineering plastics. It discusses the effects of composition on submolecular and higher-order structure and the influence of plasticizers, additives, and blowing agents. It examines stress-strain curves corresponding to soft-and-weak, soft-and-tough, hard-and-brittle, and hard-and-tough plastics and temperature-modulus plots representative of polymers with different degrees of crystallinity, cross-linking, and polarity. It explains how viscosity varies with shear rate in polymer melts and how processes align with various regions of the viscosity curve. It discusses the concept of shear sensitivity, the nature of viscoelastic properties, and the electrical, chemical, and optical properties of different plastics. It also reviews plastic processing operations, including extrusion, injection molding, and thermoforming, and addresses related considerations such as melt viscosity and melt strength, crystallization, orientation, die swell, melt fracture, shrinkage, molded-in stress, and polymer degradation.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003711
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... of organic units (known as mers or monomers ) that are covalently linked. Plastics are processed polymers and are categorized by how they are formed. Thermoplastics have very long chains that, when heated, readily flow past one another. However, as the temperature is reduced, the thermal energy...
Abstract
This article presents an overview of the science and engineering of materials along with suitable definitions, descriptions, and examples for better understanding for corrosionists with limited field knowledge. It begins with a detailed description of various categories of engineering materials and moves into the discussion of physical properties of materials, such as the phases, strength, conductivity, and wear. The article describes the methods used in the fabrication of engineering materials and summarizes the materials and their properties in a tabular form. The article concludes with information on material design, materials applications, and materials failure analysis.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
...-type, and multiple-ram). It further discusses the technologies used in the design of dies, terminology, and materials selection for dies for the most common hot-forging processes, particularly those using vertical presses, hammers, and horizontal forging machines. A brief section is included...
Abstract
Forging machines use a wide variety of hammers, presses, and dies to produce products with the desired shape, size, and geometry. This article discusses the major types of hammers (gravity-drop, power-drop, high speed, and open-die forging), and presses (mechanical, hydraulic, screw-type, and multiple-ram). It further discusses the technologies used in the design of dies, terminology, and materials selection for dies for the most common hot-forging processes, particularly those using vertical presses, hammers, and horizontal forging machines. A brief section is included on computer-aided design in the forging industry. Additionally, the article reviews specific characteristics, process limitations, advantages, and disadvantages of the most common forging processes, namely hot upset forging, roll forging, radial forging, rotary forging, isothermal and hot-die forging, precision forging, and cold forging.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.9781627081856
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004031
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... bar. bloom. A semi nished hot rolled product, rec- 30 cm (8 to 12 in.) in diameter. tangular in cross section, produced on a bulging. The process of increasing the diameter bite. Advance of material normal to the plane of blooming mill. See also billet. For steel, the of a cylindrical shell (usually...
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... by chemical composition, morphology, and processing. Aspects of polymer structure that influence properties—structure within the mer, within the molecule, and between molecules—are discussed in the article “Polymer Science for Engineers” in this Volume. Whether a polymer has the properties...
Abstract
This article discusses the properties, chemical structures, and applications of different types of elastomers grouped based on their resistance to aging (oxidative degradation), solvents, and temperature. These include butadiene rubber, natural rubber, isoprene rubber, chloroprene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, aerylonitrile-butadiene (nitrile) rubber, isobutylene-isoprene (butyl) rubber, ethylene-propylene (-diene) rubber, and silicone rubber. The article also provides an outline of the concerns related to the processing stages of rubbers or elastomers, including mixing or compounding, shaping, and vulcanizing or crosslinking.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
.... Evaluation of a sheet-metal response during casting, pickling, annealing, or elec- circular shape. See also bending stress. to a bending operation, such as around a xed- troplating in a previously existing subsurface bending and forming. The processes of bend- radius tool. defect. ing, anging, folding...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006070
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... ). This slows the corrosion rate, because oxygen cannot diffuse through the gelatinous oxide layer to the cathodic reaction site, and the hydroxide reaction products cannot diffuse away. Thus, the cathodic reaction is said to be the rate-determining reaction in a neutral or near-neutral corrosion process...
Abstract
Soluble salts on a surface can affect a steel substrate or coating in two principal ways: corrosion acceleration and osmotic blistering. This article provides a detailed discussion on the mechanisms for each of these deleterious effects. It describes the most detrimental anions with regard to corrosion, namely, chlorides, sulfates, and nitrates, and provides information on recognition and testing of the presence of soluble salts. The salt-measurement techniques and commercially available equipment are also described. The article provides information on research regarding tolerable levels of salts beneath coatings. The information shows that there appears to be a threshold limit to the salt contamination that a given coating/coating system can tolerate in a given environment.
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