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L-junction
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Image
Published: 27 April 2016
Fig. 17 Surface tension balance at the three-phase (α-β-L) junction and the resulting curvature of the solid-liquid interface. Source: Ref 6
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Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 5 Comparison of defects obtained in L-junctions of castings produced under conditions controlled in such a manner as to encourage the defects. Section size of tests: 3 by 3 in.
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Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009024
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract In most castings, there are junctions between intersecting component members. This article describes how defects can be eliminated in five types of junctions in steel castings, namely the L-junction, T-junction, V-junction, X-junction, and Y-junction. It also discusses design...
Abstract
In most castings, there are junctions between intersecting component members. This article describes how defects can be eliminated in five types of junctions in steel castings, namely the L-junction, T-junction, V-junction, X-junction, and Y-junction. It also discusses design considerations for junctions in aluminum castings and provides a comparison between the T-junction and Y-junction. Finally, the article illustrates recommended methods for minimizing defects where sections of unequal thickness form a junction.
Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 15 Recommended designs for proper blending of unequal sections for a T-junction (a) and an L-junction (b)
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Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009015
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... of simple shapes, such as T-sections, X-sections, and L-sections, are discussed. The article also presents an overview of geometric factors that influence heat transfer and transport phenomena. It concludes with a description of the structure and properties of castings. casting solidification...
Abstract
This article provides a general introduction on casting processes and design techniques. It discusses the process steps and methods of the main categories of shape casting methods, namely, expendable molds with permanent patterns, expendable molds with expendable patterns, and metal or permanent mold processes. The article lists the general guidelines of geometry in casting design. It describes the three separate contractions that are a result of cooling: liquid-liquid contraction, solid-solid contraction, and liquid-solid contraction. Factors influencing the solidification sequence of simple shapes, such as T-sections, X-sections, and L-sections, are discussed. The article also presents an overview of geometric factors that influence heat transfer and transport phenomena. It concludes with a description of the structure and properties of castings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005422
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... meaning for the simulation and can be deleted. This procedure is illustrated in Fig. 5(b) , where the segment l m ¯ has reached a length less than the critical size and therefore is deleted. This requires the deletion of point l and the relocation of point m to the midpoint, m...
Abstract
This article reviews network models and their applications for the simulation of various physical phenomena related to grain-boundary migration. It discusses the steps involved in the implementation of two and three-dimensional network models, namely, acquisition and discretization of the microstructure, formulation of the equation of motion, and implementation of the topological transformations. The article presents examples that illustrate the simulation of physical phenomena to demonstrate the predictive power and flexibility of network models.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005221
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... to damage itself by folding over its advancing front to entrain bifilms or bubbles. Therefore, instead of being a threat, the right angle may constitute a valuable speed-reducing feature in the new system. This L-junction has been studied in detail by Hsu and others ( Ref 11 ). Runner Alternatively...
Abstract
This article introduces filling and feeding concepts from the general perspective of what constitutes a good casting practice. It briefly reviews the concepts that may help to clarify and quantify objectives for more effective mold-filling designs. The article describes the preprimed filling system through various partial solutions to the prepriming approach. It discusses the six individual parts of the naturally pressurized filling system, namely, offset stepped pouring basin, sprue, sprue/runner junction, runner, gates, and feeding via feeders. The article also lists the key features of the system.
Image
Published: 01 December 1998
-boundary intersections (several are not well delineated by the nital etch—a common problem in such ratings, especially if automated devices are used) revealed 60 grain-boundary intersections and 7 triple line-junction intersections. Hence, P = 7(1.5) + 60 = 70.5, and P L = 70.5 / 1 mm = 70.5/mm
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
) Stress caused by the presence of an integral collar of considerable width. (h) Decrease in stress concentration that accompanies a decrease in collar width. (i) Stress flow at the junction of a bolt head and a shank. (j) Effect of a single sharp notch. (k) Effect of a continuous thread. (l) Effect
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Image
Published: 15 January 2021
) Stress caused by the presence of an integral collar of considerable width. (h) Decrease in stress concentration that accompanies a decrease in collar width. (i) Stress flow at the junction of a bolt head and a shank. (j) Effect of a single sharp notch. (k) Effect of a continuous thread. (l) Effect
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001109
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... of vaporization, J/L × 10 3 Enthalpy at various temperatures, J/L, at Cost, ($/L) 4.2 K 20.3 K 77.4 K 273 K Helium 4.215 2.5 260 252 253 253 3.5–5.0 Hydrogen 20.39 31.5 … 959 422 346 0.8–2.0 Nitrogen 77.36 160.6 … … 356 354 0.4–1.0 Fig. 2(a) Electrical...
Abstract
Superconductivity has been found in a wide range of materials, including pure metals, alloys, compounds, oxides, and organic materials. Providing information on the basic principles, this article discusses the theoretical background, types of superconductors, and critical parameters of superconductivity. It discusses the magnetic properties of selected superconductors and types of stabilization, including cryogenic stability, adiabatic stability, and dynamic stability. The article also focuses on alternating current losses in superconductors, including hysteresis loss, penetration loss, eddy current loss, and radio frequency loss. Furthermore, the article describes the flux pinning phenomenon and Josephson effects.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005299
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
Abstract
Sand mold and permanent mold casting are the major methods for shape casting of steels, with production closely split among green sand, chemically bonded sand, and permanent mold processes. This article describes key aspects of the steel casting process, including steel solidification characteristics, melting practices, melt treatment, and feeding of the molten steel into the mold used in steel foundries. It discusses the features of melting furnaces used in direct arc melting and induction melting. It reviews factors such as wall thickness and designing for avoidance of hot spots. The article explains the sand casting and permanent mold casting of steel. The process design and casting of thin sections are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003592
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... ) o = +0.337 V versus SHE (see Table 1 in the article “Electrode Potentials” in this Volume), and a Cu 2 + is the activity of Cu 2+ in the aqueous solution. If a copper solution of concentration 1.00 mol/L is used (where a Cu 2 + < 1...
Abstract
Electrode potential is a key parameter in the thermodynamic and kinetic processes that drive aqueous corrosion. This article discusses the complexities associated with measuring electrode potential and explains where and how to use reference electrodes to improve measurement accuracy. It describes a three-electrode approach that compensates for measurement error stemming from nonequilibrium conditions. It also examines electrode materials and behaviors and offers insights on selection and operating conditions.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001740
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
.... Fisher J.E. , Measurement of pH , Am. Lab. , Vol 16 , 1984 , p 54 – 60 23. Meites L. , Handbook of Analytical Chemistry , McGraw-Hill , 1963 24. Williams W.J. , Handbook of Anion Determination , Butterworths , 1979 25. Varma A. , Determination...
Abstract
Potentiometric membrane electrodes are electrochemical devices that can be used to quantify numerous ionic and nonionic species. This class of electrochemical sensors can be divided into ion-selective and gas-sensing membrane electrodes. The first half of this article mainly focuses on the subclasses, the membrane potential, electrode selectivity limitations and the methods of analysis of the ion-selective membrane electrodes. These methods of analysis include the use of calibration curves, addition techniques, subtraction techniques, and titration. The second half outlines gas sensing membrane electrodes, and discusses important elements that must be considered in addition to the potentiometric membrane electrode to ensure proper electrode response. These elements are reference electrodes, temperature controls, recording of the potential with respect to time, electrode storages, and sample pretreatment. The article also explains the applications of the potentiometric membrane electrodes with the aid of an example.
Book Chapter
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000631
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... by electrical discharge across the junction. SEM, 3360× (R.J. Schwinghamer, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center) Fig. 1328 Fig. 1329 Fig. 1330, 1331 Fatigue failure of L-shaped electronic flat pack leads due to cyclic, eccentric loading during ultrasonic cleaning. The 0.13-mm (5-mil) thick Alloy...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of electronic materials, including L-shaped electronic flat pack, transistor base lead, ohmic contact window, and brush/slip ring assembly. The fractographs illustrate the atomic oxygen environment exposure effect, solar cell interconnect, integrated circuit defects, and fatigue failure of these materials.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002475
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
.... The value of the current can be expressed as (Ohm's Law): (Eq 1) I = V R (Eq 2) V = I R (Eq 3) R = ρ l A (Eq 4) ρ = R A l where R is the electrical (Ohmic) resistance of the wire, in Ω; ρ is the electrical resistivity of the wire material, in Ω · m...
Abstract
This article presents an overview of the electric and magnetic parameters and discusses the significance of these parameters for electronic applications. It describes the components of analog and digital electronic circuits. The article reviews the augmenting technologies: magnetic and special technologies such as electrooptical.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003248
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
...-boundary intersections (several are not well delineated by the nital etch—a common problem in such ratings, especially if automated devices are used) revealed 60 grain-boundary intersections and 7 triple line-junction intersections. Hence, P = 7(1.5) + 60 = 70.5, and P L = 70.5 / 1 mm = 70.5/mm...
Abstract
Quantifying microstructural parameters has received considerable attention and success in developing procedures and using such data to develop structure/property relationships has been achieved. This article reviews many of the simple stereological counting measurements of volume fraction, grain structure (two-phase grain structures, and nonequiaxed grain structures), grain size, and inclusion content. It also reviews simple relationships between number of grains per unit area, number of intersections of a line of known length with particle or grain, and number of interceptions of particles or grains by a line of known length.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005507
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... , at diffusional creep temperature. The free energy of the wire can be defined as: (Eq 6a) F = P X ⋅ γ π D L where x is the coordinate of the weight P relative to the arbitrary point on the normal to the Earth's surface, L is the length of the wire, and γ is the surface tension of the free...
Abstract
Grain boundaries are interfaces between crystallites of the same phase but different crystallographic orientation. They can be characterized as being low angle or high angle. This article discusses the measurements of grain-boundary energy with a brief summary of different schemes for measuring grain-boundary surface tension. The atomistic simulations of grain-boundary energy, measurement of grain-boundary migration and the techniques used to monitor grain-boundary migration are reviewed. Several considerations and effects influencing the computation of grain-boundary mobility are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Book: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006225
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
..., if the driving force for diffusion provided by the concentration gradient remains constant. On the other hand, at the three-phase junction α-β-L, the surface tensions must be balanced to ensure mechanical equilibrium ( Fig. 17 ). This imposes fixed contact angles, leading to a curvature of the solid-liquid...
Abstract
This article begins with a schematic illustration of a eutectic system in which the two components of the system have the same crystal structure. Eutectic systems form when alloying additions cause a lowering of the liquidus lines from both melting points of the pure elements. The article describes the aluminum-silicon eutectic system and the lead-tin eutectic system. It discusses eutectic morphologies in terms of lamellar and fibrous eutectics, regular and irregular eutectics, and the interpretation of eutectic microstructures. The article examines the solidification of a binary alloy of exactly eutectic composition. It concludes with a discussion on terminal solid solutions.
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