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Kroll process

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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 1 The modified Kroll process per ADMA Products, Inc. involves the use of hydrogen to break down the titanium sponge produced in the present-day titanium reactors. It eliminates the comminution process (boring, shearing, crushing), considerably reduces the vacuum distillation time More
Image
Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 2 Titanium hydride powder production (modified Kroll process). The hydrogenation reactions within the titanium extraction process convert the sponge into titanium powder (or sponge fines) in lieu of the currently produced titanium sponge, per Ref 3 . The powdered TiH 2 shown More
Image
Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 3 Powder raw materials. (a) Titanium sponge as extracted by the Kroll process. (b) Titanium sponge after crushing and cutting. (c) Titanium sponge fines (–100 mesh) of unalloyed titanium, obtained as byproduct of the Kroll magnesium process in (a), too small to be used in the melting More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006078
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Abstract This article provides a summary of the conventional technologies used for titanium powder production. It focuses on the various processes for titanium powder production, namely, Hunter, Kroll, Armstrong, MER, TIRO, FFC-Cambridge, Chinuka, and CSIR processes. Employment of titanium...
Image
Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 2 Time-temperature profiles comparing (a) hydriding and vacuum distillation using conventional Kroll's process and (b) ADMA Products' TiH 2 process More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001080
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... (50 million lb/yr). The catalyst for this remarkable growth was the development by Dr. Wilhelm J. Kroll of a relatively safe, economical method to produce titanium metal in the late 1930s. Kroll's process involved reduction of titanium tetrachloride (TiCl 4 ), first with sodium and calcium...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... by using the Kroll process developed at the U.S. Bureau of Mines by W.J. Kroll in 1947. Extraction is accomplished by mixing the zircon with carbon in the form of coke; the mixture is then chlorinated to produce a high-temperature gas stream containing silicon tetrachloride in addition to zirconium...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003779
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... documented for intermediate and final polishing that may fit different operations. The list below discusses of a few of the procedures. An example of abusive polishing is shown in Fig. 5 after etching. Excessive etching cannot correct poor specimen preparation. Fig. 5 Etched with Kroll's reagent...
Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 31 High-purity (iodide-process) unalloyed titanium sheet, cold rolled, and annealed 1 h at 700 °C (1290 °F). Equiaxed, recrystallized grains of alpha. Etchant: Kroll's reagent (ASTM 192). 250× More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001084
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... purified by sublimation; it is then reduced to the metal with magnesium by the Kroll process. The resulting porous metal is called sponge metal. Distillation Separation Process In the distillation separation process ( Ref 2 ), the crude product obtained after chlorinating the zircon sand is purified...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003785
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... 13 mm (0.5 in.) Ti-6Al-2Nb-1Ta-1Mo alloy plate, autogenous single-pass gas tungsten arc weld. Heat input: 2.0 MJ/m. Longitudinal section showing curvature of the prior-β grains, which follow the maximum thermal gradient in the weld pool. Etchant: one-to-one solution, Kroll's reagent and distilled...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006095
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... charged into the hot reactor, turning the sponge product into titanium hydride—TiH 2 —(BE) powder, and thus modifying the Kroll process for titanium extraction from its ore as shown in Fig. 1 and 2 ( Ref 3 ). Conversion of the sponge products shown in Fig. 3(a) to (c) into essentially 100% TiH 2...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006087
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
.... In these cases, the gaseous metal chlorides are reduced with liquid sodium or magnesium (Kroll process). The reaction product is leached with dilute hydrogen chloride to remove sodium chloride and/or magnesium chloride. The result is a metallic sponge material that is subsequently pulverized. Hydride...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001092
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... for bismuth in commercial lead. The two most important methods for removing bismuth from lead are the Betterton-Kroll process and the Betts process. The Betterton-Kroll process is based on the formation of high-melting compounds such as Ca 2 Bi 2 and Mg 3 Bi 2 that separate from the molten lead bullion bath...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006045
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Process for Producing Low Cost Titanium and Titanium Alloy Components , Titanium 2008: 24th Annual ITA Conference & Exhibition , Sept 21–24, 2008 ( Las Vegas, NV ), International Titanium Association 16. Duz V. et al. , Innovative Non-Kroll Process for Hydrogenated Titanium Powder...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003826
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... uses an extractive distillation process, while in the United States a liquid-liquid extraction is the preferred method. Two primary operational methods of metal production are also possible. The Kroll process is the primary reduction process used in the United States, while in Europe an electrowinning...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006760
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
.... They are similar to folds and can act as stress raisers during forming processes. Seams have blunt tips. The two sides of a seam do not necessarily match ( Fig. 36 ). Fig. 36 (a) Surface of Ti-6Al-4V bar with seams. (b) Section through seams showing oxide and blunt tips. Kroll’s etch Cracks Cracks...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006136
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... – 61 17. Barnes J. E. , Williams J. , Blue C.A. , and Peter B. , Titanium Powder Metallurgy–What's After the Kroll Process? , Titanium-2012 ITA Conference , Oct 2012 , Atlanta, GA ...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006351
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... in the as-polished and etched conditions. Note that the as-polished image shows a variation in the contrast of the eutectic carbide patterns, which suggests either a crystallographic difference and/or chemical segregation variations. Etching with Kroll’s reagent followed by Vilella’s reagent also showed image...
Book Chapter

By G. Keough
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005203
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... of Titanium Castings,” Report 5265, U.S. Bureau of Mines , Aug 1956 , p 42 2. Kroll W.J. , Anderson C.T. , and Gilbert H.L. , A New Graphite Resistor Vacuum Furnace and Its Application in Melting Zirconium , Trans. AIME , Vol 175 , 1948 , p 766 – 773 3. Harding R.A...