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Jominy end-quench method
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Jominy end-quench apparatus (a) and method for presenting end-quench harden...
Available to Purchase
in Hardenability of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels[1]
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 2 Jominy end-quench apparatus (a) and method for presenting end-quench hardenability data (b)
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Image
Standard end-quench (Jominy) test specimen and method of quenching in quenc...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2000
Book Chapter
Quench Sensitivity of Aluminum Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006272
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... Abstract This article discusses the various methods for evaluating the quench sensitivity of aluminum alloys, namely, time-temperature-property diagrams, the quench factor analysis, the Jominy end-quench method, and continuous-cooling precipitation diagrams. It briefly describes the procedures...
Abstract
This article discusses the various methods for evaluating the quench sensitivity of aluminum alloys, namely, time-temperature-property diagrams, the quench factor analysis, the Jominy end-quench method, and continuous-cooling precipitation diagrams. It briefly describes the procedures, applications, advantages, and limitations of these methods.
Book Chapter
Hardenability Calculation of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels with Low or Medium Carbon
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005796
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... of shallow-hardening, low-carbon, plain carbon, and low-alloy medium-carbon steels ranging from classical fracture and etching, Grossmann hardenability, and Jominy end-quench testing to manual and computerized computational methods. The article then uses this as a backdrop for the implementation of the core...
Abstract
Hardenability is a composition-dependent property of steel and depends on carbon content and other alloying elements as well as the grain size of the austenite phase. This article provides an overview of a wide range of testing procedures used to determine and quantify hardenability of shallow-hardening, low-carbon, plain carbon, and low-alloy medium-carbon steels ranging from classical fracture and etching, Grossmann hardenability, and Jominy end-quench testing to manual and computerized computational methods. The article then uses this as a backdrop for the implementation of the core concepts of hardenability in a variety of predictive tools for calculating hardenability. The Caterpillar 1E0024 Hardenability Calculator, a personal computer-based program, calculates the Jominy curve based on the steel composition. The article also describes the method for boron and nonboron steels, with calculation examples for 8645 steel and 86B45 steel.
Book Chapter
Hardness and Hardenability of Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005823
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... size at the moment of quenching. This article describes the Jominy end-quench test, the Grossman method, and the air hardenability test to evaluate hardenability. It also reviews the factors that influence steel hardenability and selection. hardenability hardenability limit hardness ideal...
Abstract
Hardenability refers to the ability of steel to obtain satisfactory hardening to some desired depth when cooled under prescribed conditions. It is governed almost entirely by the chemical composition (carbon and alloy content) at the austenitizing temperature and the austenite grain size at the moment of quenching. This article describes the Jominy end-quench test, the Grossman method, and the air hardenability test to evaluate hardenability. It also reviews the factors that influence steel hardenability and selection.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005949
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
..., and discusses the classification of carbon steels for heat treatment. The article also discusses the estimation of continuous cooling curves from isothermal transformation curves. It provides information on the Jominy end-quench test and the Grossmann method and the procedures to increase hardenabilty of carbon...
Abstract
This article discusses the classification of carbon steels based on carbon content, and tabulates the compositional limits of medium- and high-carbon steels based on the AISI code and other similar codes. It describes recrystallization annealing and spheroidizing of carbon steels, and discusses the classification of carbon steels for heat treatment. The article also discusses the estimation of continuous cooling curves from isothermal transformation curves. It provides information on the Jominy end-quench test and the Grossmann method and the procedures to increase hardenabilty of carbon steels. The article includes information on the purpose of tempering and heat treating guidelines for different grades of steels, including cast carbon steels.
Image
in Hardenability of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels[1]
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 17 Determination of Jominy equivalent hardness (J eh ) rates Jominy equivalent hardness (J eh ) rates are determined by comparing the hardnesses of cross sections of parts receiving the established production heat treatment to hardnesses obtained on end-quenched bars of the same
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Book Chapter
Hardenability of Steels and Cast Irons
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0006996
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
... and the temperature of the quench bath; average cooling rate calculated from the (austenitizing temperature minus quenchant bath temperature) elapsed time to cool; or the slope of the tangent to the transformation curve denoting the onset of austenite precipitation at a given temperature (nose method, Ref 4...
Abstract
Hardening and depth of hardening of steel is a critically important material and process design parameter. This article presents a selective overview of experimental and predictive procedures to determine steel hardenability. It also covers the breadth of steel hardenability, ranging from shallow, to very difficult to harden, to air-hardening steels.
Book Chapter
Hardenability of Carbon and Alloy Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003103
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... be easily and consistently reproduced from one test to another. These include the Jominy end-quench test, the carburized hardenability test, and the surface-area-center hardenability test. This article discusses the effects of varying carbon content as well as the influence of different alloying elements...
Abstract
Hardenability is usually the single most important factor in the selection of steel for heat-treated parts. The hardenability of steel is best assessed by studying the hardening response of the steel to cooling in a standardized configuration in which a variety of cooling rates can be easily and consistently reproduced from one test to another. These include the Jominy end-quench test, the carburized hardenability test, and the surface-area-center hardenability test. This article discusses the effects of varying carbon content as well as the influence of different alloying elements on hardenability of steels. The basic information needed before a steel with adequate hardenability can be specified as the as-quenched hardness required prior to tempering to final hardness that will produce the best stress-resisting microstructure; the depth below the surface to which this hardness must extend; and the quenching medium that should be used in hardening.
Book Chapter
Quenching of Titanium and Control of Residual Stresses
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006286
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... Jominy end quench method martensitic transformation microstructure molybdenum quenching residual stress titanium titanium alloys QUENCHING is a widely used technique to strengthen titanium alloys, especially beta (β) and alpha-beta (α-β) alloys. Quenching of titanium alloys normally involves...
Abstract
Quenching is a widely used technique to strengthen titanium alloys. This article presents the metallurgical and structural background underlying the specific techniques applied in the quenching of various titanium alloys, and the ways to control and reduce residual stresses induced from quenching or other thermal or mechanical processes. It discusses the types and microstructures of titanium alloys, namely, alpha, alpha-beta, and beta alloys, and describes the general effects of the various heat treatments. The article provides information on quenching media, quenching rate, section size, and martensitic transformation in quenched titanium alloys. It shows how residual stresses in titanium alloys are evaluated and controlled. Finally, the article describes the stress-relief treatments used to reduce residual stresses.
Book Chapter
Hardenability of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001029
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... for the designated test positions. Details of the standard test method are available in ASTM A 255 and SAE J406. Fig. 2 Jominy end-quench apparatus (a) and method for presenting end-quench hardenability data (b) Carburized Hardenability Test It is often necessary to determine the hardenability...
Abstract
Hardenability of steel is the property that determines the depth and distribution of hardness induced by quenching. Hardenability is usually the single most important factor in the selection of steel for heat-treated parts. The hardenability of a steel is best assessed by studying the hardening response of the steel to cooling in a standardized configuration in which a variety of cooling rates can be easily and consistently reproduced from one test to another. These include the Jominy end-quench test, the carburized hardenability test, and the air hardenability test. Tests that are more suited to very low hardenability steels include the hot-brine test and the surface-area-center test. The article discusses the effects of varying carbon content as well as the influence of different alloying elements. It includes charts and a table that serve as a general steel hardenability selection guide.
Book Chapter
Hardenability Bands of Alloy Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005998
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... end-quench test is a common hard- H-steel hardenability tables are used for speci - enability test method that produces repeatable The H-steels are guaranteed by the supplier cation purposes, and it is recommended that two cooling rates along the positions of a Jominy bar to meet established...
Abstract
This article is a comprehensive collection of graphs that present information on the hardenability bands of various grades of alloy steels. It also includes figures showing correlations of Jominy equivalent cooling rates, plots of end-quench bands of carbon steels, and logarithmic plots of relative hardenability of carbon steels.
Book Chapter
Large Probes for Characterization of Industrial Quenching Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005789
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... transformation in most structural steels and, accordingly, is a decisive feature for resulting hardness after quenching. Because there is a fixed relation between the cooling time t 8/5 and the distance from the quenched end of the Jominy specimen, for each time t 8/5 , the corresponding Jominy distance...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on probes for laboratory tests and resultant curves of industrial quenching processes. It describes the scope of the tests, and the calculation of heat-transfer coefficient (HTC) based on the tests. The article highlights the differences between the laboratory tests and characterization of industrial quenching processes. It reviews the importance of initial heat-flux density and first critical heat-flux density. The theoretical principle behind and the purpose of the temperature gradient method are discussed. The article provides information on the design of the probe, heat-extraction dynamics, and influence of wetting kinematics. It also includes discussions on the simplified 1-D temperature-distribution model, calculation of the HTC, and the finite-volume method for the heat-conduction equation.
Book Chapter
Quench Factor Characterization of Quenchants for Hardening of Steel
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005934
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... in Quenched Steel Parts , J. Heat Treat. , Vol 6 ( No. 1 ), 1988 , p 27 – 45 10.1007/BF02833162 14. Yazdi A.Z. , Sajjadi S.A. , Zebarjad S.M. , and Nezhad S.M.M. , Prediction of Hardness at Different Points of Jominy Specimen Using Quench Factor Analysis Method , J. Mater...
Abstract
Successful hardening depends on the hardenability of steel composition, the geometry of parts, the quenching system, and on the heat treating process used. This article provides a brief overview of the computation and use of quench factor analysis (QFA) to quantify as-quenched hardness for carbon and low-alloy steels. As a single-value parameter alternative to Grossmann H-values, QFA is a potential method to qualify a quenching medium or process or to effectively monitor variation of quench severity due to either the quenchant or the system. The article describes the procedures for experimentally determining the quench factors by using a type 304 austenitic stainless steel probe. Typical examples of the utilization of QFA for quenchant characterization are provided. The article also describes the methods for experimentally generating time-temperature-property curves.
Book Chapter
Cooling Curve Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0006998
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
... -values provided by various quenchant media. In addition to experimental methods for determining H -values, it is also possible to calculate them based on heat-transfer properties by various methods, such as those described in Ref 38 , 40 , and 42 . Jominy End-Quench Test (ASTM A255...
Abstract
In this article, a metallurgical overview of the hardening process is provided. This overview is followed by the methodology involved in obtaining cooling curves, the currently accepted standardized methods of testing, and the use of newer methods of cooling curve data interpretation that describe the quenching process.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005824
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... The CCT diagrams are used to predict the microstructural transformation products obtained ter quenching. These curves also provide cooling rate information for the surface and core of a section of the steel alloy being quenched. The CCT diagrams may be obtained by various methods (including from Jominy...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of common quenching media, the factors involved in the mechanism of quenching, and process variables, namely, surface condition, mass and section size of the workpiece, and flow rate of the quenching liquid. It describes the methods of quenchant characterization using hardening-power and cooling-power tests. The article discusses the fundamentals involved in heat-transfer coefficient and heat flux of quenching processes. This discussion is followed by various actual examples of applications of these methods using simplified equations. Quenchant evaluation, classification, selection, and maintenance are reviewed in detail. The article addresses the various reasons for quench oil variability and complications due to aging and contamination.
Book
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.9781627081658
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
Book Chapter
H Steels and Steel Selection for Hardenability
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0009237
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... location in a part will depend not only on carbon content and hardenability but also on the size and configuration of the part and the quenchant and quenching conditions used. The Jominy end-quench test is a common hardenability test method that produces repeatable cooling rates along the positions...
Abstract
Hardenability is an expression of the propensity of steel to harden when quenched at the austenitizing temperature. It is defined in terms of the depth and distribution of alloying elements present in the steel. This article describes the selection process for steel with an emphasis on hardenability. It explains the significance of H-steels, and how they are guaranteed to meet established hardenability limits for specific temperatures and chemical compositions. The article compares hardenability curves for six series of steel and includes several charts showing composition and H-band limits for various alloy grades.
Book Chapter
Quenchant Agitation, Design, and Characterization
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005923
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... Abstract Quenchant agitation can be obtained by circulating quenchant in a quench tank through pumps and impellers. The selection of the agitation method depends on the tank design, type and volume of the quenchant, part design, and the severity of quench required. This article describes flow...
Abstract
Quenchant agitation can be obtained by circulating quenchant in a quench tank through pumps and impellers. The selection of the agitation method depends on the tank design, type and volume of the quenchant, part design, and the severity of quench required. This article describes flow measurement methods, temperature control, materials handling, and filtration processes during the agitation process. The maintenance of quenching installations is also discussed.
Book Chapter
Selection of Carburizing Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005952
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... Abstract This article commences with a brief introduction on the hardenability of carburized steels, and then reviews the factors used in the selection of carburizing steels and heat treatment methods. The factors include quench medium, stress considerations, case depth, and type of case...
Abstract
This article commences with a brief introduction on the hardenability of carburized steels, and then reviews the factors used in the selection of carburizing steels and heat treatment methods. The factors include quench medium, stress considerations, case depth, and type of case. The article provides information on steels for carburized gears with emphasis on gear design requirements, selection process, selection of carbon content, case and core hardness, microstructure, and toughness and short-cycle fatigue.
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