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Izod notched-beam test
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Book Chapter
Mechanical Testing of Polymers and Ceramics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003256
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... of plastics include the short-term tensile test, the compressive strength test, the flexural strength test, and the heat deflection temperature test. The most commonly used tests for impact performance of plastics are the Izod notched-beam test, the Charpy notched-beam test, and the dart penetration test. Two...
Abstract
This article reviews the general mechanical properties and test methods commonly used for ceramics and three categories of polymers, namely, fibers, plastics, and elastomers. The mechanical test methods for determining the tensile strength, yield strength, yield point, and elongation of plastics include the short-term tensile test, the compressive strength test, the flexural strength test, and the heat deflection temperature test. The most commonly used tests for impact performance of plastics are the Izod notched-beam test, the Charpy notched-beam test, and the dart penetration test. Two basic test methods for a group or strand of fibers are the single-filament tension and tow tensile tests. Room temperature strength tests, high-temperature strength tests, and proof tests are used for testing the properties of ceramics.
Image
Notched-bar impact-test specimens. (a) Simple beam V-notch Charpy specimen....
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1998
Fig. 24 Notched-bar impact-test specimens. (a) Simple beam V-notch Charpy specimen. (b) Simple beam keyhole-notch Charpy specimen. (c) Cantilever beam notched Izod specimen. Source: Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials, E 23-81, ASTM, 1981
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Book Chapter
Mechanical Testing and Properties of Plastics—An Introduction
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006928
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
.... The general classes of impact tests are shown in Fig. 16 . However, this section briefly describes three of the most commonly used tests for impact performance: Izod notched and unnotched beam, Charpy notched beam, and dart drop penetration (puncture) tests. Fig. 16 Categories of impact test methods...
Abstract
This article briefly introduces some commonly used methods for mechanical testing. It describes the test methods and provides comparative data for the mechanical property tests. In addition, creep testing and dynamic mechanical analyses of viscoelastic plastics are also briefly described. The article discusses the processes involved in the short-term and long-term tensile testing of plastics. Information on the strength/modulus and deflection tests, impact toughness, hardness testing, and fatigue testing of plastics is also provided. The article describes tension testing of elastomers and fibers. It covers two basic methods to test the mechanical properties of fibers, namely the single-filament tension test and the tensile test of a yarn or a group of fibers.
Book Chapter
Impact Toughness Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003308
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... of the test setup ( Fig. 2 ). The Charpy test involves three-point loading, where the test piece is supported at both ends as a simple beam. In contrast, the Izod specimen is set up as a cantilever beam with the falling pendulum striking the specimen above the notch ( Fig. 2b ). Fig. 2 Specimen types...
Abstract
Measurement and analysis of fracture behavior under high loading rates is carried out by different test methods. This article provides a discussion on the history and types of notch-toughness tests and focuses exclusively on notch-toughness tests with emphasis on the Charpy impact test. It reviews the requirements of test specimens, test machine, testing procedure and machine verification, application, and determination of fracture appearance and lateral expansion according to ASTM A370, E 23, and A 593 specifications. In addition, the article includes information on the instrumentation, standards and requirements, and limitations of instrumented Charpy impact test, which is carried out in specimens with induced fatigue precrack. The article concludes with a review of the requirements of drop weight testing and the specimens used in other notch-toughness tests.
Book Chapter
Impact Loading and Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006919
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... design requirements. Perhaps three of the most commonly used tests for impact performance are the Izod and Charpy notched-beam tests and the dart penetration test. Each is briefly discussed as follows. The Izod and Charpy tests are very similar in that they are both notched-beam specimens subjected...
Abstract
This article reviews the impact response of plastic components and the various methods used to evaluate it.. It describes the effects of loading rate on polymer deformation and the influence of temperature and strain rate on failure mode. It discusses the advantages and limitations of standard impact tests, the use of puncture tests for assessing material behavior under extreme strain, and the application of fracture mechanics for analyzing impact failures. It also develops and demonstrates the theory involved in the design and analysis of thin-walled, injection-molded plastic components.
Book Chapter
Mechanical Testing of Polymers
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... the mechanical properties of engineering plastics. The testing methods for determining mechanical properties, including stress-strain test, modulus-directed tensile test, strength test, strength-directed tensile test, impact test, and dynamic mechanical test are discussed. crystallinity engineering...
Abstract
Mechanical properties are often the most important properties in the design and selection of engineering plastics. Temperature, molecular structure, crystallinity, viscoelasticity, and effects of environment, fillers and reinforcements are considered as the basic factors affecting the mechanical properties of engineering plastics. The testing methods for determining mechanical properties, including stress-strain test, modulus-directed tensile test, strength test, strength-directed tensile test, impact test, and dynamic mechanical test are discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002477
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... as a function of specimen thickness. PBT, polybutylene terephthalate; M-PPO, modified polyphenylene oxide Fig. 5 Ratio of cross-flow/flow ultimate stress as a function of specimen thickness Part Strength and Impact Resistance A number of test methods such as Izod (notched beam) and Gardner...
Abstract
The key to any successful part development is the proper choice of material, process, and design matched to the part performance requirements. Understanding the true effects of time, temperature, and rate of loading on material performance can make the difference between a successful application and catastrophic failure. This article provides examples of reliable material performance indicators and common practices to avoid failure. Simple tools and techniques for predicting part mechanical performance integrated with manufacturing concerns, such as flow length and cycle time, are demonstrated. The article describes the prediction of mechanical part performance for stiffness, strength/impact, creep/stress relaxation, and fatigue.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006947
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... and amorphous polymers. Characteristic fractographic features from each are highlighted and discussed. Traditionally, the impact resistance or impact strength of a polymer is measured by means of an Izod or Charpy impact test. In these experiments, a notched (sometimes unnotched) bar is impacted...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of polymer fractography, with examples of various fracture surfaces created under diverse loading conditions. The focus is on the interpretation of polymer fracture-surface features in light of the unique viscoelastic nature of polymers. The article presents fractographic examples of three time-dependent cracking mechanisms: fatigue fracture, creep rupture, and environmental stress cracking. It details characteristic fractographic features that can be observed in optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Book Chapter
Engineering Thermoplastics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003008
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
...) ASTM D 790 Impact strength, J/m(ft · lbf/in.) 12.3 (0.23) 12.3 (0.23) 12.3 (0.23) ASTM D 256 notched, Izod Rockwell hardness, M scale 84 89 97 ASTM D 785 Water absorption, % 0.3 0.3 0.3 ASTM D 570 wt gain, 24 h (a) Flow grade per ASTM D 788 Acrylic plastics can...
Abstract
This article discusses the family characteristics, commercial forms, applications, resin grades, and mechanical and physical properties of traditional engineering thermoplastics in their neat (unmodified) form and as compounds and composites, namely, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes, acrylics, high-density polyethylenes, reinforced polypropylenes, high-impact polystyrenes, polyvinyl chloride, styrene-acrylonitriles, and styrene-maleic anhydrides.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001069
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... in.) Hardness Heat treated, 105 HB Poisson's Ratio 0.32 Elastic Modulus Tension, 115 GPa (17 × 10 6 psi) Impact Strength Izod, 41 J (30 ft · lbf); Charpy V-notch, 27 J (20 ft · lbf) Fatigue Strength 105 MPa (15 ksi) at 10 8 cycles Mass Characteristics Density 8.82 g...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of property data for standard grades of cast copper alloys. Data are provided for mechanical, physical, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, optical, and magnetic properties. The list for each alloy includes its common name, chemical composition, applications, mass characteristics, and fabrication characteristics.
Book Chapter
Advanced Thermoplastics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... of this appearance factor depends entirely on the visibility of the product in use. Figure 2 shows the response of HP ionomer to a notched Izod versus temperature test, compared with two of the toughest, no-glass engineering resins. The gradual reduction in impact resistance as the temperature is lowered results...
Abstract
Advanced thermoplastics are stiff, moldable plastics that compete with traditional engineering thermoplastics and thermosets owing to their good tensile, compressive, impact, and shear strength, electrical properties, and corrosion resistance. This article discusses commercial forms, family characteristics, properties and applications of the following advanced thermoplastics: homopolymer and copolymer acetals, fluoropolymers, ionomers, polyamides, polyamide-imides, polyarylates, polyketones, polyaryl sulfones, polybutylene terephthalates, polycarbonates, polyether-imides, polyether sulfones, polyethylene terephthalates, thermoplastic polyimides, liquid crystal polymers, polyphenylene ether blends, polyphenylene sulfides, and polysulfones.
Book
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.9781627082952
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
Book Chapter
Glossary of Terms: Mechanical Testing and Evaluation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0005689
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
...) of a family of fracture of the specimen. Contrast with Izod curves, each of which is for a single fatigue life resistance to change in volume; the ratio of test. (number of cycles), relating alternating stress, hydrostatic stress to the corresponding unit chevron pattern. A fractographic pattern of ra...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of terms related to mechanical testing and evaluation of metals, plastics, ceramics, and composites.
Book
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.9781627081764
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
Book Chapter
Mechanical Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract This article reviews the various types of mechanical testing methods, including hardness testing; tension testing; compression testing; dynamic fracture testing; fracture toughness testing; fatigue life testing; fatigue crack growth testing; and creep, stress-rupture, and stress...
Abstract
This article reviews the various types of mechanical testing methods, including hardness testing; tension testing; compression testing; dynamic fracture testing; fracture toughness testing; fatigue life testing; fatigue crack growth testing; and creep, stress-rupture, and stress-relaxation testing. Shear testing, torsion testing, and formability testing are also discussed. The discussion of tension testing includes information about stress-strain curves and the properties described by them.
Book Chapter
Mechanical Properties of Gray Irons
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006344
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
.... The transverse test evaluates the maximum load and deflection. Typical transverse breaking loads for ASTM International classes of gray iron are presented in Table 4 . The resulting value is converted into a nominal index of strength by using the standard beam formula. The value that is determined...
Abstract
A wide range of mechanical properties can be obtained with a given composition of cast iron, depending on the microstructural constituents that form during solidification and subsequent solid-state processing. This article discusses the mechanical properties of gray iron and provides some general property comparisons with malleable, ductile (nodular), and compacted graphite irons. The mechanical properties of gray iron are determined by the combined effects of its chemical composition, processing technique in the foundry, and cooling rates during solidification. The article provides information on the classification of gray irons based on ASTM International specification A48/A48M. It discusses the loading effect, surface effect, notch sensitivity, and environmental effect on the mechanical properties of gray iron. The chemical composition ranges of some of the more widely used heat-resistant gray irons suitable for elevated-temperature service are presented in a table.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002399
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
...” ). A comparison of the different test methods is also reviewed for cast iron toughness in Ref 5 . In general, test bars for the Charpy or Izod impact testing of cast irons are larger than those used for testing steels. Increases in the size of as-cast specimens cause a relative reduction in impact strength...
Abstract
This article discusses the fatigue and fracture behavior of various types of cast iron, such as gray iron, ductile iron, malleable iron, compacted graphite iron, and white iron, as a function of chemical composition, matrix microstructure, and graphite morphology.
Book Chapter
Ultrahigh-Strength Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... Tempering temperature Tensile strength Yield strength Elongation in 50 mm (2 in.), % Reduction in area, % Hardness, HB Izod impact energy °C °F MPa ksi MPa ksi J ft · lbf Water quenched and tempered (a) 205 400 1765 256 1520 220 10.0 33.0 475 18 13 260 500 1670...
Abstract
Structural steels with very high strength levels are often referred to as ultrahigh-strength steels. This article describes the commercial structural steels capable of a minimum yield strength of 1380 MPa (200 ksi). The ultrahigh-strength class of constructional steels includes several distinctly different families of steels. The article focuses on medium-carbon low-alloy steels, medium-alloy air-hardening steels, and high fracture toughness steels. The medium-carbon low-alloy family of ultrahigh-strength steels includes AISI/SAE 4130, the higher-strength 4140, and the deeper hardening, higher-strength 4340. Also from this family are descriptions for the 300M, D-6a and D-6ac, 6150, and 8640 steels. The medium-alloy air-hardening family of ultrahigh-strength steels includes H11 modified and H13 steels. The high fracture toughness family of ultrahigh-strength steels includes HP-9-4-30 steel and AF1410 steel. The article explains the mechanical properties and the heat treatments of the medium-carbon low-alloy steels, medium-alloy air-hardening steels, and high fracture toughness steels.
Book Chapter
Avoiding Plastic Product Failure by Proper Plastic Selection and Design
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006912
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... liability. Dynamic Loading Dynamic loading is one of the most challenging design conditions to simulate and accurately test for in plastic products. The plastics industry has addressed this very complex phenomenon by testing materials with several very simple impact tests: Izod impact, notched...
Abstract
Plastic product failures are directly attributed to one of the following four reasons: omission of a critical performance requirement, improper materials specification, design error, and processing/manufacturing error. Therefore, product failures can be minimized or eliminated if all of these parameters are comprehensively examined during the design process. This article focuses on all of these factors, except processing-related failures, which are outside the design and engineering domain. It is dedicated to the identification and avoidance of common problems associated with the selection and designing of plastic parts. The article provides information on the material-related design criteria that depend on the applications, environmental conditions of use, and performance requirements. It discusses physical properties of plastics based on their relevance to real-world environmental conditions. The most-common design problems related to design considerations are also covered.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005329
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Fig. 3 Typical Izod impact energies of austenitic manganese steels. See Fig. 2 for key. The molybdenum-alloyed manganese steels can be divided into two groups: those with 1% Mo and those with 2% Mo. The 1% Mo category is further divided into a normal alloy segment and a so-called lean alloy...
Abstract
This article discusses the mechanical properties of carbon steels, low-alloy steels, wear-resistant steels, corrosion-resistant steels, heat-resistant steels, and common alloys at both room and elevated temperature. It also provides information on the corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant applications of the common alloys.
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