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Hunter process
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Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006078
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Abstract This article provides a summary of the conventional technologies used for titanium powder production. It focuses on the various processes for titanium powder production, namely, Hunter, Kroll, Armstrong, MER, TIRO, FFC-Cambridge, Chinuka, and CSIR processes. Employment of titanium...
Abstract
This article provides a summary of the conventional technologies used for titanium powder production. It focuses on the various processes for titanium powder production, namely, Hunter, Kroll, Armstrong, MER, TIRO, FFC-Cambridge, Chinuka, and CSIR processes. Employment of titanium powder significantly improves the synthesis of titanium and its alloys.
Image
in Titanium Powder Metallurgy Products
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 5 Effect of forging deformation on Ti-6Al-4V BE compacts (Hunter reduction process sponge fines) isothermally forged at 925 °C (1700 °F). (a) Tensile strength and yield strength. (b) Tensile elongation. Source: Ref 17
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001482
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... at the gas-tungsten arc at the melting point of the metals welded. Hunter, Allemand, and Eager ( Ref 54 , 55 ) developed techniques for temperature measurement using multiwavelength pyrometry to alleviate the emissivity variation problem. However, so far the only proof of the concept was demonstrated...
Abstract
Fusion welding processes involve four phase changes, namely, solid-solid state, solid-liquid, liquid-vapor, and vapor-plasma. Each has its own thermal, momentum, and stress history. This article discusses some important techniques to validate temperature, momentum, stress, and residual strain history observed in the heat-affected zone of fusion welded materials.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002432
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... in keeping with the functions and configuration of the units composing the system. This, in turn, may be a subsystem of a more complex system. The building process continues until the entire system has been treated. The complete system may be so complex that it includes entire organizations...
Abstract
Reliability is a measure of the capacity of equipment or systems to operate without failure in the service environment. This article focuses on reliability in design and presents equations governing the instantaneous failure rate, general reliability function, mean time to failure, mean time between failures, and useful life period. The article describes the calculation of reliabilities for series and parallel arrangements of a complex system. It provides a comparison of probabilistic and deterministic design and concludes with a discussion on reliability growth.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002437
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... to achieve a suitable, effective, and safe design. A wealth of literature is available. Hunter ( Ref 9 ) includes enough anthropometric data to give insight into the kind of data to expect. He also provides many examples of sources of information. He comments on Department of Defense documents...
Abstract
The central approach of human factors engineering is the systemic application of relevant information about human characteristics and behavior to the design of human-made objects, facilities, and environments that people use. This article focuses on the elements that are considered for an acceptable level of human performance. These include the state or condition of the human being; the activity, including equipment and required tools; and the context in which the activity is performed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005534
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
...-order interactions. In this case, two-level fractional factorial designs are used to screen factors to identify those with the greatest effects. The sparsity-of-effects principle is not always valid, however; Hunter ( Ref 14 ) notes that every design provides aliased estimates. Quadratic and cubic...
Abstract
This article presents an approach to manage the uncertainty present in materials design. It describes inductive and deductive approaches to deal with uncertainty. The article focuses on providing an understanding of the opportunities for managing uncertainty and the decisions that influence the accuracy of the results. A design of experiments (DOE) represents a sequence of experiments to be performed, expressed in terms of factors set at specified levels. The article discusses the two types of DOEs: the full factorial design and the fractional factorial design. It explains the factors to be considered when selecting a procedure for propagating uncertainty. The article lists the categories of the popular types of uncertainty propagation methods, including simulation-based methods, local expansion methods, and numerical integration-based methods.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0009013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... Concepts in the Design of Experiments , Holt, Rinehart, and Winston , 1973 10. Hunter W.G. and Hunter J.S. , Statistics of Experimenters , John Wiley Sons , 1978 11. Diamond W.J. , Practical Experiment Design for Engineers and Scientists , Van Nostrand Reinhold , 1989...
Abstract
Thermomechanical are used to gain insight into the causes of problems that arise during a given thermomechanical process. This article provides examples to demonstrate how significant the parameters were selected for specific tests. It examines the types of problems that can occur during a thermomechanical process. The article provides information on the thermophysical properties, which include specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity/diffusivity, and density. It concludes with examples that illustrate how the various considerations in testing are successfully used to solve practical thermomechanical processing problems.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002439
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
..., producibility, maintainability, environmental impact, quality, unit cost, and so on. In terms of safety, consideration of hazards and their elimination must start with the first concept of the design of the product and be carried through the entire life cycle. As Hunter ( Ref 7 ) says: “This must include...
Abstract
Any threat to personal safety should be regarded as a hazard and treated as such. This article discusses threats from several sources, such as kinematic/mechanical hazards, electrical hazards, energy hazards, human factors/ergonomic hazards, and environmental hazards. It describes hazard analysis in terms of failure modes and effects analysis, failure modes and criticality analysis, fault tree analysis, fault hazard analysis, and operating hazards analysis. The article examines fail-safe designs, such as fail-passive designs, fail-active designs, and fail-operational designs. It also provides information on various types of warnings, such as visual warning, auditory warnings, olfactory warnings, tactile warnings, and tastable warnings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003088
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... challenge in engineering design. Performance specifications, risk and hazard analysis, design process, design for manufacture and assembly, design for quality, reliability in design, and redesign are considered for functional requirements. Life-cycle analysis considers raw-material extraction from the earth...
Abstract
This article describes design factors for products used in engineering applications. The article groups these factors into three categories: functional requirements, analysis of total life cycle, and other major factors. These categories intersect and overlap, constituting a major challenge in engineering design. Performance specifications, risk and hazard analysis, design process, design for manufacture and assembly, design for quality, reliability in design, and redesign are considered for functional requirements. Life-cycle analysis considers raw-material extraction from the earth and product manufacture, use, recycling (including design for recycling), and disposal. The other major factors considered include evaluation of the current state of the art for a given design, designing to codes and standards, and human factors/ergonomics.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0005549
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... model HERA hadron-electron ring anordnung K ISCC threshold stress intensity to eV electron volt HIP hot isostatic pressing HK Knoop hardness produce stress-corrosion cracking f frequency; transfer function hp horsepower KQ invalid fracture toughness values HP Hunter (reduction) process Kt stress...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001746
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... throughout the state during hunting season. Hair samples were taken from deer brought in by the hunters; the samples were labeled according to area, then sent for sulfur analysis by high-temperature combustion. An inductive high-temperature furnace and infrared detection determinator were used...
Abstract
High-temperature combustion is primarily used to determine carbon and sulfur contained in a variety of materials. This article illustrates the principle of combustion and focuses on the characteristics of accelerators. It provides information on the process of separating oxide compounds formed in the combustion zone. The article provides information on infrared and thermal-conductive detectors, which are used for the detection of CO2 and SO2. Finally, it addresses the requirements of a sample to undergo total and selective combustion, and presents examples showing the applications of high-temperature combustion. .
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003505
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
.... How does one proceed? The designer must be well informed on anthropometrics (physical characteristics), how people tend to behave or perform, and how to combine such data to achieve a suitable, effective, and safe design. A wealth of literature is available. Hunter ( Ref 31 ) includes enough...
Abstract
This article discusses the three legal theories on which a products liability lawsuit is based and the issues of hazard, risk, and danger in the context of liability. It describes manufacturing and design defects of various products. The article explains a design that is analyzed from the human factors viewpoint and details the preventive measures of the defects, with examples. It presents four paramount questions relating to the probability of injury which are asked even when one executes all possible preventive measures carefully and thoroughly.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001083
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... pressing (CIP) a blend of fine elemental titanium and master alloy powders that have been sintered. Titanium sponge fines (−100 mesh) are the most common elemental powder used in this process; these particles are obtained as by-products of the Hunter or Kroll reduction processes ( Ref 4 ). The metallic...
Abstract
This article focuses on the mechanical properties, production of titanium powder metallurgy (P/M) compacts, namely, blended elemental (BE) compacts and prealloyed (PA) compacts. It explains the postcompaction treatments of titanium P/M compacts, including heat treatment, and thermochemical processing. The article talks about the applications of titanium P/M products, namely, BE and PA products. It concludes with a short note on the future trends in titanium P/M technology.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0009214
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... , Washington, DC , 1966 (reprinted by John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1983) 4. Box G.E.P. , Hunter W.G. , and Hunter J.S. , Statistics for Experimenters , John Wiley & Sons , New York , 1978 5. Anderson V.L. and McLean R.A. , Design of Experiments , 2nd ed...
Abstract
Planning of experiments does not consist merely of identifying a few key parameters and then selecting a specific plan. Selection of the proper experimental plan depends on the purpose of the experiment, physical restrictions on the taking of measurements, and other restrictions imposed by time, economic considerations, and materials and personnel availability. This article presents recommendations that should be followed in outlining the methods of conducting and analyzing an experiment to ensure successful results. It discusses restricted type of experiments, in which the experimenter varies the parameters, or factors, under study and then observes the effects of this action. These include factorial experiments, blocked factorial experiments, and fractional factorial experiments. The article describes the estimation of experimental errors and provides information on randomized designs and block designs. It also presents the methods for determining optimum conditions or levels.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006897
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
.... , and Hunter-Smith D.J. , Emerging Applications of Bedside 3D Printing in Plastic Surgery , Frontiers in Surgery , Vol 2 , 2015 10.3389/fsurg.2015.00025 15. Ciocca L. and Scotti R. , CAD-CAM Generated Ear Cast by Means of a Laser Scanner and Rapid Prototyping Machine , Journal...
Abstract
An ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) is a support designed to regulate the ankle's position and mobility, compensate for weakness, or rectify abnormalities. This article focuses on the biomechanical affects and mechanical properties of custom-made 3D-printed AFOs and compares them to traditionally created AFOs. Investigations in the fields of 3D scanning, 3D printing, and computer-aided design and analysis for the production of custom-made AFOs are also covered.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002442
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... are related to taking advantage of the technology in an appropriate, cost-effective, and timely manner. Once the direction for solution of the engineering problem is clear, the finer points of the theory and its application can and should be reviewed further to ensure that the solution process properly...
Abstract
This article presents an overview of the use of mechanism analysis (kinematics and dynamics) and simulation. It provides indications of the directions in which mechanism simulation is growing and how it is integrated in the evolving computer aided design and computer aided engineering (CAD/CAE) fields. Mechanism simulation is best used as part of a concurrent CAD/CAE approach to design. The article discusses the state, evolution, and direction of application for these techniques in a variety of fields.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003406
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... parts Fig. 2 Open-molded composite boat hull and deck for luxury cruiser. Courtesy of Gulf Craft-UAE Fig. 3 Open-molded composite chemical storage tank. Courtesy of OxyChem Fig. 4 Open molded composite (sandwich construction) Norwegian Navy mine hunter. Courtesy of Kvæner...
Abstract
Open molding is the method used in the polymer-matrix composites industry to make thermoset composite products. This article discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of the open molding. It describes the various process of the open molding, such as hand lay-up process and spray-up process. Workmanship for hand lay-up and spray-up processes is reviewed. The article provides information on the matrix-resin materials used for open molding, including unsaturated polyester resins, epoxy vinyl ester resins, and reinforcements. It explains the component design and short- and long-term properties of a fiber reinforced composite laminate depending on material selection and workmanship. The article also presents the basic design guidelines for open molding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006452
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... and linear imaging processes are presented. The section “ Modeling ” summarizes the various techniques used to simulate array data in NDE applications, and the section “ Performance ” considers various methods of comparing the performance of arrays and imaging algorithms. In the section “ Advanced...
Abstract
Ultrasound is an ideal modality for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) because it enables the interior of objects to be assessed without the safety and access issues associated with radiography. This article summarizes the history of array usage in NDE and its relationship to medical applications. It discusses the mathematics behind classical beamforming, full matrix capture, and total focusing methods of imaging. The article shows how ultrasonic array data can be simulated by direct numerical methods (most commonly using finite-element methods), analytical methods, or hybrid methods. It also considers various methods of comparing the performance of arrays and imaging algorithms. The article provides a comparison of various advanced and nonlinear imaging algorithm and looks at some practical industrial applications of arrays. It concludes with some future perspectives for arrays in NDE.
Book Chapter
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Abstract This article focuses on direct extrusion processing where metal powders undergo plastic deformation, usually at an elevated temperature, to produce a densified and elongated form having structural integrity. It provides information on the basic powder extrusion processes...
Abstract
This article focuses on direct extrusion processing where metal powders undergo plastic deformation, usually at an elevated temperature, to produce a densified and elongated form having structural integrity. It provides information on the basic powder extrusion processes and the mechanics of extrusion. The article also examines specific extrusion practices for the production of wrought material from powder stock and provides examples of materials processed by powder extrusion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001409
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... as in carbon or low-alloy steels. Fig. 3 The ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) as a function of (C + N) content and thermal treatment. WC, water cooled Hunter and Eagar ( Ref 11 ) investigated the mechanism of ductility loss in type 444 ferritic stainless steel (UNS S44400) welds...
Abstract
This article describes the classification of ferritic stainless steels. It reviews the metallurgical characteristics of various ferritic grades as well as the factors that influence their weldability. The article provides a discussion on various arc welding processes. These processes include gas-tungsten arc welding (GTAW), gas-metal arc welding (GMAW), flux-cored arc welding (FCAW), shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), and plasma arc welding (PAW). The selection criteria for welding consumables are discussed. The article also explains the welding procedures associated with the ferritic stainless steels. It concludes with information on weld properties.
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