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H-band steels
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Book Chapter
Hardenability Curves
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001030
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... Abstract This article presents hardenability curves for more than 80 types of carbon and alloy hardenability band (H-band) steels. Each H-band hardenability limit curve is presented graphically and in tabular form, in both metric and English units. The caption for each curve includes...
Abstract
This article presents hardenability curves for more than 80 types of carbon and alloy hardenability band (H-band) steels. Each H-band hardenability limit curve is presented graphically and in tabular form, in both metric and English units. The caption for each curve includes the normalizing and austenitizing heat-treating temperatures recommended by SAE for these steels. The article includes a brief description of how hardenability curves are used for specification purposes.
Image
Examples of hardenability bands of H-steels compared to the wider bands for...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 52 Examples of hardenability bands of H-steels compared to the wider bands for similar steels made to chemical specification only
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Image
Hardenability bands of carbon H steels: (a) 1038H, (b) 1045H, (c) 1541H, an...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 October 2014
Fig. 18 Hardenability bands of carbon H steels: (a) 1038H, (b) 1045H, (c) 1541H, and (d) boron steel 5B41. All with recommended heat treating as follows: normalize (for forged or rolled specimens only) at 870 °C (1600 °F); austenitize: 845 °C (1550 °F)
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Image
Published: 01 February 2024
Image
Published: 01 February 2024
Book Chapter
H Steels and Steel Selection for Hardenability
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0009237
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... on hardenability. It explains the significance of H-steels, and how they are guaranteed to meet established hardenability limits for specific temperatures and chemical compositions. The article compares hardenability curves for six series of steel and includes several charts showing composition and H-band limits...
Abstract
Hardenability is an expression of the propensity of steel to harden when quenched at the austenitizing temperature. It is defined in terms of the depth and distribution of alloying elements present in the steel. This article describes the selection process for steel with an emphasis on hardenability. It explains the significance of H-steels, and how they are guaranteed to meet established hardenability limits for specific temperatures and chemical compositions. The article compares hardenability curves for six series of steel and includes several charts showing composition and H-band limits for various alloy grades.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002146
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... of hacksawing, band sawing, and circular sawing Table 1 Cost and performance comparisons of hacksawing, band sawing, and circular sawing Characteristics Type of machine (a) Low Medium High Machine cost H B C Power requirements B H C Productivity H C B Versatility H C B...
Abstract
Sawing is the process of cutting a workpiece with power band saws, hacksaws, and circular saws. This article discusses the process capabilities and limitations of band sawing. It provides information on band sawing machines, their fixtures and attachments, band construction and materials, blade design, and cutting fluids associated with the band sawing process. The article also discusses the variables considered in band saw machining. In addition, it presents examples representing the comparison of contour band sawing with milling and shaping in various applications. The article concludes with a discussion on the safety precautions to be followed during band sawing and on friction band sawing, circular sawing, and hacksawing.
Book Chapter
Cutting Operations
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005174
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... of hacksawing, band sawing, and circular sawing Characteristics Type of machine (a) Lowest Highest Machine cost H → B → C Power requirements B → H → C Productivity H → C → B Versatility H → C → B Tool cost C → H → B Tool life H → B → C Accuracy...
Abstract
This article focuses on the mechanical and nonmechanical cutting methods used in metal fabrication industries. The most prevalent equipment used for mechanical cutting includes shears, iron workers, nibblers, and band saws. Nonmechanical methods of cutting include gas cutting, electric arc cutting, and laser cutting. The article concludes with information on the advantages of abrasive waterjet cutting, which is an alternative to laser cutting, gas cutting, and plasma cutting.
Book Chapter
Hardenability Bands of Alloy Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005998
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
.... The charts in Table 1 following this text show composition limits and hardenability bands for the Alloy H steels. The H-band limits are shown graphically for convenience in estimating the hardness values obtainable at various locations on the end-quench test bar and for quick comparisons of the various H...
Abstract
This article is a comprehensive collection of graphs that present information on the hardenability bands of various grades of alloy steels. It also includes figures showing correlations of Jominy equivalent cooling rates, plots of end-quench bands of carbon steels, and logarithmic plots of relative hardenability of carbon steels.
Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 43 Higher-magnification view of Fig. 42 (without steel), showing the nickel (light band) plated on the liner to prevent diffusion of tin from the overlay into the copper-lead alloy liner. NH 4 OH + H 2 O 2 . Original magnification 500×
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Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002355
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... of persistent slip bands in the surface grain of low-carbon steel Fig. 7 Replica micrograph of persistent slip bands containing microcracks on the surface of low-carbon steel Fig. 8 Structure of persistent band in a section perpendicular to the primary slip plane in copper single crystal...
Abstract
This article presents an overview of fatigue crack nucleation from the point of view of the material microstructure and its evolution during cycling. It describes the sites of microcrack nucleation at the free surfaces. The article discusses the relation of dislocation structures and surface relief and reviews the mechanisms of crack nucleation. The damage of material due to crack nucleation, the extent (in terms of the number of cycles) of the nucleation stage, and the factors influencing crack nucleation are discussed.
Image
Type 430 stainless steel hot rolled to various percentages of reduction sho...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
mL 35% HCl, 1 to 2 g potassium metabisulfite, 275 mL H 2 O (Beraha's tint reagent No. 2). 500×
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Image
Type 430 stainless steel hot rolled to various percentages of reduction sho...
Available to Purchase
in Failures Related to Hot Forming Processes
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
. Etched with 55 mL 35% HCl, 1 to 2 g potassium metabisulfite, 275 mL H 2 O (Beraha’s tint reagent No. 2). Original magnification: 500×
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Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002401
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... structural changes is not contradictory to the idea that shear stress is essential for their formation. White bands occur within DEAs after a high number of cycles following DEA and butterfly formation. In through-hardened 52100 steel white bands have been initially observed in as few as 10 8 cycles...
Abstract
The mechanism of contact fatigue can be understood in terms of several sources of stress concentration, or stress raisers, within the macroscopic Hertzian stress field. This article focuses primarily on rolling contact fatigue of hardened bearing steels. It discusses Hertzian shear stresses at and below the contact surfaces and briefly summarizes bearings and gear characteristics. The article provides an overview of the key types of gear and bearing steels. It analyzes two types of macropitting that result from the subsurface growth of fatigue cracks, namely, subsurface-origin macropitting and surface-origin macropitting. The article describes the factors influencing contact fatigue life of hardened steel bearings and gears, including hardness, inclusions, carbides, and residual stresses.
Book Chapter
Transformation and Recrystallization Textures Associated with Steel Processing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004029
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... in bold). Fig. 1 Three-dimensional view of Euler space (Bunge notation). The “horizontal H” lying in the φ 2 =45° cross section and which is of particular importance in the processing of steel is shown in bold Because of the importance of this cross section in the discussion of bcc (ferrite...
Abstract
The processing of steel involves five distinct sets of texture development mechanisms, namely, austenite deformation, austenite recrystallization, gamma-to-alpha transformation, ferrite deformation, and static recrystallization during annealing after cold rolling. This article provides an introduction on crystallographic textures. It discusses the effects of austenite rolling and recrystallization on the texture and transformation behavior of recrystallized austenite and deformed austenite. The article illustrates the overall summary of the rolling and transformation behavior. It details cold-rolling textures, annealing textures, and recrystallization textures of steel samples. The article concludes with a summary of texture development during cold rolling and annealing.
Book Chapter
Plastic Deformation Structures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004018
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... acid, and 7 mL H 2 O. Original magnification 75×. Courtesy of P.N. Mincer Shear Bands Shear bands formed during rolling of sheet have been discussed previously. Figure 22 shows shear bands in cold-reduced magnesium sheet. Fig. 22 Shear bands (light streaks) in electrolytic magnesium...
Abstract
Plastic deformation can occur in metals from various mechanisms, such as slip, twinning, diffusion creep, grain-boundary sliding, grain rotation, and deformation-induced phase transformations. This article emphasizes on the mechanism of slip and twinning under cold working conditions. It discusses the factors on which the structures developed during plastic deformation depend. These factors include crystal structure, amount of deformation, composition, deformation mode, and deformation temperature and rate. The article illustrates the microstructural features that appear after substantial deformation when revealed through metallographic investigation.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002353
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... treatments are shown. After tempering 1.5 h at 350 °C (660 °F), only Fe 3 C is present and much cyclic softening is observed. When tempered 10 h at 650 °C (1200 °F) plus 8 h at 550 °C (1020 °F), coherent NiAl and copper precipitates are present. There is very little cyclic softening for this treatment...
Abstract
Fatigue damage in metals is caused by the simultaneous action of cyclic stress, tensile stress, and plastic strain. This article details the fundamental aspects of the stages of the fatigue failure process. These include cyclic plastic deformation prior to fatigue crack initiation, initiation of one or more microcracks, propagation or coalescence of microcracks to form one or more microcracks, and propagation of one or more macrocracks.
Book Chapter
Austenitic Stainless Steels: Atlas of Fractographs
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000610
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... and wrapping itself around the roll. Note lack of deformation of grains. The fracture surface was cleaned with H 2 SO 4 and was brightened with a solution containing HNO 3 and HF. 1.5× Fig. 616 TEM p-c replica of an area near A, close to the notch, in the fracture in Fig. 618 , showing definite...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of austenitic stainless steels and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the following: fatigue-crack fracture, rock candy fracture, cleavage fracture, brittle fracture, high-cycle fatigue fracture, fatigue striations, hydrogen-embrittlement failure, creep crack propagation, fatigue crack nucleation, intergranular creep fracture, torsional overload fracture, stress-corrosion cracking, and grain-boundary damage of these steels. The austenitic stainless steel components include spring wires, preheater-reactor slurry transfer lines and gas lines of coal-liquefaction pilot plants, oil feed tubes and suction couch rolls of paper machines, cortical screws and compression hip screws of orthopedic implants, and Jewett nails.
Book Chapter
Hardenability of Steels and Cast Irons
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0006996
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
...) designation of “H” following the alloy number indicates that the steels are produced to a specific hardenability range ( Ref 38 ). Ideal critical diameter (<italic>D</italic><sub>I</sub>) ranges for various steel alloys Table 5 Ideal critical diameter ( D I ) ranges for various steel alloys Steel...
Abstract
Hardening and depth of hardening of steel is a critically important material and process design parameter. This article presents a selective overview of experimental and predictive procedures to determine steel hardenability. It also covers the breadth of steel hardenability, ranging from shallow, to very difficult to harden, to air-hardening steels.
Book Chapter
ASTM/ASME Alloy Steels: Atlas of Fractographs
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000609
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
.... 596 Fig. 597 Fig. 598 Fig. 599, 600 Cavitated intergranular fracture due to hydrogen of ASTM A533B. The specimen of pressure vessel steel—yield strength, 630 Mpa (91.5 ksi)—was exposed for more than 1000 h to temperatures above 550 °C (1020 °F) and gaseous hydrogen at a pressure...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of ASTM/ASME alloy steels and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the solidification cracking, creep failure, brittle fracture, fracture by overpressurization, inclusion effect, fatigue crack propagation, ductile fatigue striation, secondary cracking, intergranular fracture, and elevated-temperature fracture of alloy steels used in pressure vessels, steam boiler superheater tubes, and box-girder bridges.
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