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EDX analysis
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Published: 12 September 2022
Fig. 11 Powder characterization in the powder-bed fusion process. DSC, differential scanning calorimetry; TG, thermogravimetry; FTIR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; EDX, energy-dispersive x-ray analysis; XRD, x-ray diffraction; AFM, atomic force microscopy
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 11 Holistic approach for sample and data collection in the identification of microbiologically influenced corrosion in a field corrosion site. XRD, x-ray diffraction; EDX, energy-dispersive x-ray analysis; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; MPN, most probable number; MMM, molecular
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006548
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... modulus or modulus of elasticity; energy E elastic or storage modulus E viscous or loss modulus EAC environmentally assisted cracking EBSP electron backscattered pattern ECT equicohesive temperature EDM electric discharge machining EDS energy dispersive spectroscopy EDX energy-dispersive x-ray (analysis...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.9781627081801
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003755
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... with several wavelength-dispersive spectrometers and optimized for chemical analysis is usually called an electron microprobe. Energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) microanalysis has the advantages of higher count rates and the simultaneous recording of the complete spectrum. Due to the higher count rates, EDX...
Abstract
This article outlines the beam/sample interactions and the basic instrumental design of a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which include the electron gun, probeforming column (consisting of magnetic electron lenses, apertures, and scanning coils), electron detectors, and vacuum system. It discusses the contrasts mechanisms used for imaging and analyzing materials in the SEM. These include the topographic contrast, compositional contrast, and electron channeling pattern and orientation contrast. Special instrumentation and accessory equipment used at elevated pressures and during the X-ray microanalysis are reviewed. The article also provides information on the sample preparation procedure and the materials applications of the SEM.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003710
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Dispersive X- ray , J. Anal. Chem. , Vol 341 ( No. 10 ), 1991 , p 606 – 610 10.1007/BF00322271 30. Olefjord I. and Nylund A. , Surface Analysis of Oxidized Aluminum. 2. Oxidation Aluminum in Dry and Humid Atmosphere Studied By ESCA, SEM, SAM, and EDX , Surf. Interface Anal. , Vol...
Abstract
This article describes the analytical methods for analyzing surfaces for corrosion and corrosion inhibition processes as well as failure analysis based on surface structure and chemical identity and composition. The principles and applications of the surface-structure analysis techniques, namely, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and atomic force microscopy, are reviewed. The article discusses the principles and applications of chemical identity and composition analysis techniques. These techniques include the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ion scattering spectroscopy, reflectance Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy, Raman and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006129
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... differences. Of the carbides present, M 6 C, with its high W content, appears white, and MC, with a very high V content, appears grey. The other images are EDX mappings of the elements Fe, Cr, W, V, and Co. Apart from Fe, the matrix is alloyed mainly with Cr and Co, and only small amounts of W and V. The M 6...
Abstract
This article describes the effects of undissolved carbides formed by segregation of alloying elements on the hardness of the powder-metallurgical (PM) high-alloy tool steels (HATS). It explains the calculation of exact stoichiometric carbon content that depends on the required martensite hardness, amount of carbon forming alloying elements, types of undissolved carbides during austenitizing, and the densities of the carbides. Microhardness values for carbides in HATS are also listed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006402
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... Thickness range: 1 monolayer to 10 nm oxide layer thickness. Sample must be flat. EDX 0.5–3 µm lateral Thickness range: 10 nm to 1 µm. Layer density must be known. Chemical state analysis ESCA 10 µm lateral Analysis relies on databases (chemical shifts in electron spectroscopy, characteristic...
Abstract
The influence of friction and wear on the function and structure of tribological systems is determined by various types of tribological tests. This article introduces the general categories of tribological testing and describes the basic objectives of testing. It reviews the results of tribological tests, where the system-dependent characteristics of friction and wear data can be expressed in different forms, such as tribographs, transition diagrams, and tribomaps. A summary of various methods of surface analysis is presented in a table. The article discusses the relationship between wear and reliability in terms of exponential distribution, Weibull distribution, and gamma distribution. It concludes with information on the effects of interaction on failure probability.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0005586
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... channeling pattern ECR electron cyclotron resonance E d displacement energy EDM electrical discharge machining EDS energy-dispersive spectrometer EDX energy-dispersive spectroscopy EDXA energy dispersive x-ray analysis EEC erosion-enhanced corrosion...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... such as chlorides. The resulting corrosion product, which is usually nonconductive, can cause electrical failure due to open or intermittently open contact. An example of gold-plated connector corrosion from a device exposed to field conditions is shown in Fig. 2 . The energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX...
Abstract
This article provides information on various forms of corrosion that occur in electronic packaging. Portable consumer electronic hardware which is subjected to humidity exposures is prone to condensed moisture and liquid damage. The article discusses two other corrosion-related phenomena that are found only in electronics, namely, electrochemical migration (ECM) and conductive anodic filament formation (CAF). It describes the corrosion that takes place in metals such as copper, tin, and tin-lead alloys, which are commonly used in electronic packaging. The article also discusses the corrosion of the components used in electronic assemblies.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003789
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
..., meant to preserve pore structures and keep them open for analysis. The article compares and contrasts the microstructures of nearly 50 powder metal alloys, using them to illustrate the effect of consolidation and compaction methods as well as particle size, composition, and shape. It discusses imaging...
Abstract
This article provides information on the microstructure of powder metal alloys and the special handling requirements of porous materials. It covers selection, sectioning, mounting, grinding, and polishing, and describes procedures, such as washing, liquid removal, and impregnation, meant to preserve pore structures and keep them open for analysis. The article compares and contrasts the microstructures of nearly 50 powder metal alloys, using them to illustrate the effect of consolidation and compaction methods as well as particle size, composition, and shape. It discusses imaging equipment and techniques and provides data on etchants and etching procedures.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006788
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... collection in the identification of microbiologically influenced corrosion in a field corrosion site. XRD, x-ray diffraction; EDX, energy-dispersive x-ray analysis; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; MPN, most probable number; MMM, molecular microbiological methods; APS, adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate. Adapted from...
Abstract
This article focuses on the mechanisms of microbiologically influenced corrosion as a basis for discussion on the diagnosis, management, and prevention of biological corrosion failures in piping, tanks, heat exchangers, and cooling towers. It begins with an overview of the scope of microbial activity and the corrosion process. Then, various mechanisms that influence corrosion in microorganisms are discussed. The focus is on the incremental activities needed to assess the role played by microorganisms, if any, in the overall scenario. The article presents a case study that illustrates opportunities to improve operating processes and procedures related to the management of system integrity. Industry experience with corrosion-resistant alloys of steel, copper, and aluminum is reviewed. The article ends with a discussion on monitoring and preventing microbiologically influenced corrosion failures.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006383
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... Abstract This article focuses on different aspects of wear particle analysis. It discusses the different wear regimes in the wear rate versus time (bathtub) curve. The article explains the essence of condition monitoring and how to properly sample lubricants for condition monitoring. It also...
Abstract
This article focuses on different aspects of wear particle analysis. It discusses the different wear regimes in the wear rate versus time (bathtub) curve. The article explains the essence of condition monitoring and how to properly sample lubricants for condition monitoring. It also discusses in-service lubricant analysis for condition monitoring, focusing on the spectrometric oil analysis program. The article describes the characteristics of wear particles and analytical techniques for characterizing them. It also describes the characteristics of different types of wear particles and the mechanisms by which they are generated. The article concludes with a summary of the major applications of wear particle analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.9781627082136
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003757
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract This article reviews the main theoretical and practical aspects of sequence normally followed in digital image-acquisition, processing, analysis, and output for material characterization. It discusses the main methods of digital imaging, image processing, and analysis, as applied...
Abstract
This article reviews the main theoretical and practical aspects of sequence normally followed in digital image-acquisition, processing, analysis, and output for material characterization. It discusses the main methods of digital imaging, image processing, and analysis, as applied to microscopy of materials. The article describes the basic concepts of sampling and resolution and quantization of light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. It discusses the acquisition of a digital image that accurately represents the sample under observation and output of the image to a printer. The methods used to enhance the digital image and to extract quantitative information are also described. Different types of image segmentation, namely, adaptive segmentation and contour-based segmentation, are reviewed. The article also presents case studies on the application of image processing and analysis to materials characterization.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003795
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... insulators, samples for SEM investigations have to be coated by an electrical conductive layer such as carbon, gold, or gold-palladium alloys. Metals are used for simple microstructural analysis, while carbon is used for simultaneous chemical analysis, for example, energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis...
Abstract
Microstructural analysis reveals many important details about the qualities and capabilities of high-performance ceramics. This article explains how to prepare ceramic samples for imaging and the imaging technologies normally used. It describes sectioning, mounting, grinding, and polishing as well as ceramographic etching. It discusses common imaging approaches, including scanning electron microscopy and thin-section polarized light techniques, a type of optical microscopy. The article also addresses microstructural classification, examining detailed micrographs from samples of aluminum oxide, zirconium dioxide, aluminum nitride, silicon carbide, and piezoelectric ceramics.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006668
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... in materials research, forensics, failure analysis, geological studies, biological imaging, metallurgy, nanomaterials development, microelectronics, and fractography. Scanning electron microscopes are a common instrument in most materials characterization laboratories and are increasingly used for immediate...
Abstract
This article provides detailed information on the instrumentation and principles of the scanning electron microscope (SEM). It begins with a description of the primary components of a conventional SEM instrument. This is followed by a discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of the SEM compared with other common microscopy and microanalysis techniques. The following sections cover the critical issues regarding sample preparation, the physical principles regarding electron beam-sample interaction, and the mechanisms for many types of image contrast. The article also presents the details of SEM-based techniques and specialized SEM instruments. It ends with example applications of various SEM modes.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.9781627083294
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003285
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... by the energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDX) pattern for iron shown in Fig. 4(b) . The test can be designed to determine load capacity or effects of temperature on the onset of adhesive wear. These data would then be used in the design of a bearing or gear system that could operate safely...
Abstract
Surface damage from sliding contact is related to the adhesion of mating surfaces in contact. This article describes the methods for evaluation of surface damage caused by sliding contact. It defines adhesive wear in terms of asperity, cold welding, galling, scuffing, seizure, and wear coefficient. The article discusses various galling testing methods, such as button-on-block galling test, pin-on-flat galling test, and threaded connection galling test. It provides an overview of fretting wear that occurs between two tight-fitting surfaces subjected to a cyclic, relative motion of extremely small amplitude. The article also reviews the fretting rig for investigating fretting wear.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003508
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... casting failures. This article describes the general root causes of failure attributed to the casting process, casting material, and/or design. In failure analysis, it is fundamental to establish the objectives of the designer by reviewing drawings, specifications, and purchase orders. It is also...
Abstract
This article focuses on the general root causes of failure attributed to the casting process, casting material, and design with examples. The casting processes discussed include gravity die casting, pressure die casting, semisolid casting, squeeze casting, and centrifugal casting. Cast iron, gray cast iron, malleable irons, ductile iron, low-alloy steel castings, austenitic steels, corrosion-resistant castings, and cast aluminum alloys are the materials discussed. The article describes the general types of discontinuities or imperfections for traditional casting with sand molds. It presents the international classification of common casting defects in a tabular form.