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Brinell hardness
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... − HRB ) (60–90 HRB, 110–192 HB) Stable alpha-beta titanium alloys HRC=0.078 HV+8.1 Table 2 Approximate Rockwell B hardness conversion numbers for nonaustenitic steels Rockwell Superficial Rockwell Vickers Knoop, 500 gf and over Brinell, 3000 kgf, 10 mm ball Tensile...
Abstract
Hardness conversions are empirical relationships that are defined by conversion tables limited to specific categories of materials. This article summarizes hardness conversion formulas for various materials in a table. It tabulates the approximate Rockwell B and Rockwell C hardness conversion numbers for nonaustenitic steels. The article lists the approximate equivalent hardness numbers for Brinell hardness numbers and Vickers hardness numbers for steel in tables. The tables are also outlined in a graphical form.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003191
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
.... aluminum alloys Brinell hardness carbide size cast iron cutting speed free-machining additives graphite hardness testing inclusion machinability microstructures steels tool life THE MACHINABILITY OF IRON relates specifically to its microstructure. The shape of the graphite in the...
Abstract
An understanding of the influence of microstructure on machinability can provide an insight into more efficient machining and the correct solution to problems. Providing numerous microstructures to depict examples, this article describes the relationship between the microstructure and machinability of cast irons, steels, and aluminum alloys. It presents data on hardness values and the effect of the matrix microstructure of cast iron on tool life. It also explains how a higher inclusion count improves the machinability of steels and why aluminum alloys can be machined at very high speeds.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004044
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... Approximate equivalent hardness numbers for wrought aluminum products Brinell hardness No., 500 kgf, 10 mm ball, HBS Vickers hardness No., 15 kgf, HV Rock well hardness No. Rockwell superficial hardness No. B scale, 100 kgf, 1 16 in. ball, HRB E scale, 100 kgf, 1 8 in. ball...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006289
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... conductivity values for various aluminum alloy tempers Alloy Temper Brinell hardness Rockwell hardness Typical conductivity B E H 15T Bare alloys 2014 O … 22 max 70 max 95 max … 43.5–51.5 T3 100 65 95 … 82 31.5–35 T4 100 65 95 … 82 31.5–34.5 T6 125 78 102...
Abstract
Heat treatment of aluminum alloys is assessed by various quality-assurance methods that include metallographic examination, hardness measurements, mechanical property tests, corrosion-resistance tests, and electrical conductivity testing. The use of hardness measurements in the quality assurance of heat treated aluminum products is effectively used in conjunction with the measurement of surface electrical conductivity. This article provides a detailed discussion of the error sources in eddy-current conductivity measurements. It also presents useful information on the variation of electrical conductivity of alloy 2024 samples as a function of aging time at different isothermal holding temperatures.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001243
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
.... Rather, the as-plated brightness can serve as an indication of hardness. The hardness of chromium plate cannot be accurately determined by the common hardness testers, such as Brinell and Rockwell, because hard chrome is generally too thin for these tests. The indentation produced in these tests...
Abstract
Hard chromium plating is produced by electrodeposition from a solution containing chromic acid and a catalytic anion in proper proportion. This article presents the major uses of hard chromium plating, and focuses on the selection factors, plating solutions, solution and process control, equipment, surface preparation, and crack patterns and other characteristics of hard chromium plating. It offers recommendations for the design and use of plating racks, describes the problems encountered in hard chromium plating, and their corrective procedures. The article provides information on the removal of chromium plate from coated metals, recovery and disposal of wastes, and stopoff media for selective plating.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006761
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Macroindentation hardness testing Rockwell hardness Hardness Need smooth surface finish, flat surface, and parallel sides Sample must fit within the machine and be balanced on the pedestal Brinell hardness Hardness Need smooth surface finish, flat surface, and parallel sides Sample must fit within the...
Abstract
Mechanical testing is an evaluative tool used by the failure analyst to collect data regarding the macro- and micromechanical properties of the materials being examined. This article provides information on a few important considerations regarding mechanical testing that the failure analyst must keep in mind. These considerations include the test location and orientation, the use of raw material certifications, the certifications potentially not representing the hardware, and the determination of valid test results. The article introduces the concepts of various mechanical testing techniques and discusses the advantages and limitations of each technique when used in failure analysis. The focus is on various types of static load testing, hardness testing, and impact testing. The testing types covered include uniaxial tension testing, uniaxial compression testing, bend testing, hardness testing, macroindentation hardness, microindentation hardness, and the impact toughness test.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
...-electric crystal principle Rebound Mechanical Electronic (EQUO) method Source: P.F. Aplin, Classification and Solution of Portable Hardness-Testing Equipment, Non-Destructive Testing, Vol 1, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989, p 683–688 The Brinell hardness test is basically simple...
Abstract
This article reviews the various types of mechanical testing methods, including hardness testing; tension testing; compression testing; dynamic fracture testing; fracture toughness testing; fatigue life testing; fatigue crack growth testing; and creep, stress-rupture, and stress-relaxation testing. Shear testing, torsion testing, and formability testing are also discussed. The discussion of tension testing includes information about stress-strain curves and the properties described by them.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005324
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... strength at low temperature (suffix “L”), for example, FCD-400-18AL. The common grades of ductile iron can also be specified by Brinell hardness, although the appropriate microstructure for the indicated hardness is also a requirement. This method had been used in SAE specification J434 JUN86 for...
Abstract
This article begins with a description of the classes and grades of ductile iron. It discusses the factors affecting the mechanical properties of ductile iron. The article reviews the hardness properties, tensile properties, shear and torsional properties, compressive properties, fatigue properties, fracture toughness, and physical properties of ductile iron and compares them with other cast irons to aid the designer in materials selection. It concludes with information on austempered ductile iron.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003082
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... (Rockwell C hardness range) For carbon and alloy steels in the annealed, normalized, and quenched-and-tempered conditions. Rockwell C hardness No., 150 kgf, HRC Vickers hardness No., HV Brinell hardness No. Knoop hardness No., 500 gf and over, HK Rockwell hardness No. Rockwell superficial...
Abstract
This article contains tables that present engineering data for the following metals and their alloys: aluminum, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, nickel, tin, titanium, zinc, precious metals, permanent magnet materials, pure metals, rare earth metals, and actinide metals. Data presented include density, linear thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, resistivity, and approximate melting temperature. The tables also present approximate equivalent hardness numbers for austenitic steels, nonaustenitic steels, austenitic stainless steel sheet, wrought aluminum products, wrought copper, and cartridge brass. The article lists conversion factors classified according to the quantity/property of interest.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001297
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... many aspects the well-known hardness measuring techniques, such as the Vickers and Brinell hardness tests. However, in the “nanoindentation” technique, the indentations extend only to extremely shallow depths, often as low as nanometers. A hard indenter, usually an accurately ground diamond, is...
Abstract
This article focuses on the evaluation of mechanical properties of freestanding films and films adherent to their substrates. Common methods of testing freestanding films, including uniaxial tensile testing, uniaxial creep testing, biaxial testing, and beam-bending methods, are discussed. For films which are adherent to their substrates, indentation testing is used to evaluate hardness, creep, and strength.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006254
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... alloys and the relationship between hardness and mechanical properties of the alloys. The article discusses the effects of elements such as aluminum, zinc, manganese, rare earths, and yttrium, on precipitation hardening. It describes the types of heat treatment for magnesium alloys, including annealing...
Abstract
Magnesium alloys are used predominantly for high-pressure die-cast applications in which the use of a deliberate heat treatment is uncommon. This article provides information on the heat treatment designations for magnesium alloys. It describes the effects of grain size on magnesium alloys and the relationship between hardness and mechanical properties of the alloys. The article discusses the effects of elements such as aluminum, zinc, manganese, rare earths, and yttrium, on precipitation hardening. It describes the types of heat treatment for magnesium alloys, including annealing, stress relieving, solution treating and aging, and reheat treating. The article also discusses the preventive measures for the common problems encountered in heat treating magnesium alloys; and the evaluation of the effectiveness of heat treating procedures. In addition, it presents the processing steps involved in the heat treatment of magnesium alloys and in the prevention and control of magnesium fires.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003197
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
..., carbon and hardness gradients, and process procedures of different types of case hardening methods: carburizing (gas, pack, liquid, vacuum, and plasma), nitriding (gas, liquid, plasma), carbonitriding, cyaniding and ferritic nitrocarburizing. An accurate and repeatable method of measuring case depth is...
Abstract
Case hardening is defined as a process by which a ferrous material is hardened in such a manner that the surface layer, known as the case, becomes substantially harder than the remaining material, known as the core. This article discusses the equipment required, process variables, carbon and hardness gradients, and process procedures of different types of case hardening methods: carburizing (gas, pack, liquid, vacuum, and plasma), nitriding (gas, liquid, plasma), carbonitriding, cyaniding and ferritic nitrocarburizing. An accurate and repeatable method of measuring case depth is essential for quality control of the case hardening process and for evaluation of workpieces for conformance with specifications. The article also discusses various case depth measurement methods, including chemical, mechanical, visual, and nondestructive methods.
Book Chapter
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0005697
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... gigapascal h hour H height HAZ heat-affected zone HB Brinell hardness hcp hexagonal close-packed HK Knoop hardness HR Rockwell hardness (requires scale designation, such as HRC for Rockwell C hardness) HSLA high-strength low-alloy (steel) HV Vickers...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003110
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... minimum tensile, yield, and elongation values, with advisory Brinell hardnesses (see Tables 2 and 3 ). The hardnesses are termed “advisory” because the hardness ranges corresponding to the various grades overlap so much that hardness alone cannot ensure that a given casting meets the specification for...
Abstract
Malleable iron is a type of cast iron that has most of its carbon in the form of irregularly shaped graphite nodules. This article tabulates the typical composition of malleable iron and specifications, and applications of malleable iron castings. It discusses the metallurgical control of malleable irons with emphasis on its composition and heat treatment. The article provides information on the specifications and mechanical properties of different types of malleable irons, such as ferritic, pearlitic, and martensitic malleable irons.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005323
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... J431 ( Ref 3 ) classifies sand-molded gray cast irons used by the automotive and allied industries. It defines iron grades by a test bar tensile strength/Brinell hardness ratio, hardness grades by hardness alone, and casting grades by a combination of the iron grade, hardness grade, and special...
Abstract
This article begins with an overview of classes and applications of gray iron. It discusses the castability of gray iron in terms of section sensitivity and fluidity. The article provides information on the dimensions of prevailing sections recommended for gray irons and reviews the properties and specifications of test bar. It discusses the properties of gray iron, such as fatigue limit, pressure tightness, impact resistance, machinability, and dimensional stability, at both room and elevated temperature. Wear behavior of gray iron castings during sliding contact under conditions of normal lubrication is also discussed. The article reviews the use of alloys and heat treatment to modify as-cast properties. It concludes with information on physical properties of gray iron castings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.9781627082952
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
Book Chapter
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0005586
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
...; diameter; interatomic distance D diameter; penetration depth da / dN fatigue crack growth rate dB decibel D B ball diameter of Brinell hardness tester DBT ductile-to-brittle transition dc direct current dhcp double hexagonal close-packed diam diameter...
Book
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.9781627081887
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003109
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... strength, MPa (ksi) 317 (46) 110 (16) 336 (48.7) 438 (63.5) 0.2% proof stress, MPa (ksi) … … 257 (37.3) 285 (41.3) Elongation, % … … 6.7 25.3 Modulus of elasticity, GPa (10 6 psi) 108 (15.7) 96.9 (14.05) 158 (22.9) 176 (25.5) Brinell hardness, HB 200 156 150 159 Charpy V...
Abstract
This article discusses the graphite morphology, chemical composition, mechanical and physical properties, and applications of compacted graphite (CG) irons. It compares the selected properties of gray, ductile and CG irons, and lists their property requirements as per ASTM A 842. A listing of tensile properties of various CG irons produced by different melt treatment methods is also provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003107
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
....) plate, which has a volume-to-area ( V / T ) ratio of about 5 mm (0.20 in.). For class 50 iron, however, both combined carbon and Brinell hardness (HB) show marked increases when the thickness of the equivalent plate section is decreased to about 15 mm (0.6 in.), with V / A ratio ∼7 mm (0.27 in...
Abstract
This article provides information on the classification, microstructure, castability and section sensitivity of gray iron. It describes properties of the test bar and provides a short note on fatigue limit in reversed bending. Although the ASTM size B test bar is the bar most commonly used for all gray irons from classes 20 to 60, ASTM A 48 provides a series of bar sizes, and the user can select the bar sizes that best approximates the cooling rate in the critical section of the casting.