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Book Chapter

Bend Testing

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By Eugene Shapiro
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003268
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... Abstract Bend tests are conducted to determine the ductility or strength of a material. This article discusses the different bend tests with emphasis on test methods, apparatuses, procedures, specimen preparation, and interpretation and reporting of results. The types of bend tests discussed...
Abstract
Bend tests are conducted to determine the ductility or strength of a material. This article discusses the different bend tests with emphasis on test methods, apparatuses, procedures, specimen preparation, and interpretation and reporting of results. The types of bend tests discussed are bending ductility tests, bending strength tests (ASTM E 855), bend tests as per EN 12384 and JIS 3130, and computer-aided bending tests. The three standard bending strength tests are the cantilever beam bend test, the three-point bend test, and the four-point bend test. European Standard EN 12384 specifies a bend test to determine the modulus of elasticity in bending. Japanese Industrial Standard JIS 3130 specifies two tests to determine the elastic limit of spring plate or strip: the repeated deflection spring test and the moment type spring test.
View PDF for content titled, <span class="search-highlight">Bend</span> <span class="search-highlight">Testing</span>
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Free bend tests. (a) A partial bend is made with the specimen in a horizont...

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in Mechanical Testing > Metals Handbook Desk Edition
Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 54 Free bend tests. (a) A partial bend is made with the specimen in a horizontal position. (b) The specimen is positioned vertically, and the two knurled jaws are forced together until the specimen fractures or makes a 180° U-bend. More
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Restricted bend tests. (a) Guided bend test wherein the test material is fo...

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in Mechanical Testing > Metals Handbook Desk Edition
Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 55 Restricted bend tests. (a) Guided bend test wherein the test material is forced through a fixture of predetermined radius. (b) Modification of guided bend test using soft metal for the fixture. (c) Method of clamping the specimen while bending it over a predetermined radius More
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Results obtained from a steel four-point bend specimen in round robin tests...

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in X-Ray Diffraction Residual Stress Measurement in Failure Analysis > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 5 Results obtained from a steel four-point bend specimen in round robin tests. The XEC ( 1 2 S 2 ) was determined to be 3.687 10 −5 ksi −1 More
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Results obtained from a steel four-point bend specimen in round-robin tests...

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in X-Ray Diffraction Residual-Stress Measurement in Failure Analysis > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 5 Results obtained from a steel four-point bend specimen in round-robin tests. The x-ray elastic constant (½ S 2 ) was determined to be 3.687 10 −5 ksi −1 . More
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Schematics of (a) three-point bend test apparatus and (b) four-point bend t...

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in Bend Testing > Mechanical Testing and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 14 Schematics of (a) three-point bend test apparatus and (b) four-point bend test apparatus. The load applicator has a 60° angle with a radius, R , of 0.127 mm (0.005 in.). In three-point bending, the load is applied at midspan using one applicator. In four-point bending, two load More
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A bend test eliminates the grip problem in tensile testing ceramics and can...

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in Fundamental Structure-Property Relationships in Engineering Materials > Materials Selection and Design
Published: 01 January 1997
Fig. 20 A bend test eliminates the grip problem in tensile testing ceramics and can be used to measure the material modulus of rupture ( Eq 3 ). Source: Ref 4 More
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ESC bend testing in a strain jig. (a) Side-view schematic of the test sample and ESC agent placement. (b) Top-down view of a CPVC test specimen showing multiple cracks on adjacent planes, a common characteristic of ESC

ESC bend testing in a strain jig. (a) Side-view schematic of the test sampl...

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in Fractography of Polymers > Fractography
Published: 01 June 2024
Fig. 16 ESC bend testing in a strain jig. (a) Side-view schematic of the test sample and ESC agent placement. (b) Top-down view of a CPVC test specimen showing multiple cracks on adjacent planes, a common characteristic of ESC More
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Surface of a fracture in a bend-test specimen of Nickel 201 containing 0.02...

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in Nickel Alloys: Atlas of Fractographs > Fractography
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 867 Surface of a fracture in a bend-test specimen of Nickel 201 containing 0.02% C, 0.35% Mn, 0.01% S, 0.35% Si, 0.25% Cu, 0.04% Fe, remainder Ni. After the material had been annealed, a specimen 19 mm ( 3 4 in.) wide by 3.17 mm (0.13 in.) thick was prepared, a notch More
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Bend test results to determine the toughness of P/M-processed ASP high-spee...

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in P/M Tool Steels > Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 9 Bend test results to determine the toughness of P/M-processed ASP high-speed tool steels. A, ultimate bend strength; B, bend yield strength; C, hardness (HRC). (a) Bend strength of a test bar of ASP 23 steel after hardening and tempering at 560 °C (1040 °F) (three times for 1 h). (b More
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Schematic of simple bending test

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in Formability Testing of Sheet Metals > Metalworking: Sheet Forming
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 19 Schematic of simple bending test More
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Schematic of stretch-bending test

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in Formability Testing of Sheet Metals > Metalworking: Sheet Forming
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 20 Schematic of stretch-bending test More
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Schematics of the draw-bend test and final configuration of the unloaded sp...

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in Springback > Metalworking: Sheet Forming
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 16 Schematics of the draw-bend test and final configuration of the unloaded specimen. F b , normalized back force; R , tool radius; R ′, radius of curvature of region in contact with tool, after unloading; r ′, radius of curvature in curl region, after springback; Δθ, springback More
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Simulated role of plasticity in springback for a draw-bend test. (a) Differ...

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in Springback > Metalworking: Sheet Forming
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 24 Simulated role of plasticity in springback for a draw-bend test. (a) Difference of springback angle (Δθ) for pure-elastic and elastoplastic springback simulations. (b) Differences in through-thickness stress distribution following pure-elastic and elastoplastic springback. R / t More
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Bend test results to determine toughness of PM/processed ASP high-speed too...

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in P/M High-Speed Tool Steels > Machining
Published: 01 January 1989
Fig. 4 Bend test results to determine toughness of PM/processed ASP high-speed tool steels. A, ultimate bend strength; B, bend yield strength; C, hardness (HRC). (a) Bend strength of a test bar of ASP 23 steel after hardening and tempering at 560 °C (1040 °F) (three times for 1 h). (b) Bend More
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Three-point bend test

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in Evaluation of Workability for Bulk Forming Processes > Metalworking: Bulk Forming
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 53 Three-point bend test More
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Three-point bend test

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in Bulk Workability Testing[1] > Metalworking: Bulk Forming
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 9 Three-point bend test More
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(a) Video image taken during in situ bending test for a 316L stainless stee...

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in Modeling and Simulation of Press and Sinter Powder Metallurgy[1] > Powder Metallurgy
Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 9 (a) Video image taken during in situ bending test for a 316L stainless steel sample doped with 0.2 wt% B. (b) Finite-element modeling results used to verify the shear viscosity property as a function of time, temperature, grain size, and density during heating. Source: Ref 39 More
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S - N curve from longitudinal rotating bending tests on conventional AISI ...

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in Properties of Powder Metallurgy Tool Steels > Powder Metallurgy
Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 26 S - N curve from longitudinal rotating bending tests on conventional AISI M2 hourglass specimens at R = –1. Left, air melted; right, electroslag remelted More
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Typical bend testing setup. Studs that must undergo application qualificati...

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in Stud Arc Welding[1] > Welding Fundamentals and Processes
Published: 31 October 2011
Fig. 18 Typical bend testing setup. Studs that must undergo application qualification should be bent 90° without weld failure (15° for aluminum studs). Testing for preproduction or testing during production for inspection purposes requires bend testing to 30° from original position (15 More