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Armstrong process
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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 6 The Armstrong process. (a) Production schematic of prealloyed (PA) randomly shaped powder particles of Ti-6Al-4V. (b) Micrograph. Courtesy of Cristal Metals, Inc.
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Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006078
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Abstract This article provides a summary of the conventional technologies used for titanium powder production. It focuses on the various processes for titanium powder production, namely, Hunter, Kroll, Armstrong, MER, TIRO, FFC-Cambridge, Chinuka, and CSIR processes. Employment of titanium...
Abstract
This article provides a summary of the conventional technologies used for titanium powder production. It focuses on the various processes for titanium powder production, namely, Hunter, Kroll, Armstrong, MER, TIRO, FFC-Cambridge, Chinuka, and CSIR processes. Employment of titanium powder significantly improves the synthesis of titanium and its alloys.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003451
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... ( Farnborough, U.K. ), Society of Automotive Engineers • Advances in Composite Repair , SAE TOPTEC , 1–2 Nov 1993 , ( Seattle, WA ), Society for Automotive Engineers • Armstrong K.B. , Repairing the Damage , Conference Bonding and Repair of Composites , 14 July 1989 ( Birmingham, UK...
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006095
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... in a continuous flow reactor. Courtesy of MER Corporation Fig. 6 The Armstrong process. (a) Production schematic of prealloyed (PA) randomly shaped powder particles of Ti-6Al-4V. (b) Micrograph. Courtesy of Cristal Metals, Inc. Fig. 7 Titanium powder samples obtained by electrolytic reduction...
Abstract
This article focuses on mechanical testing characterization of blended elemental powder metallurgy (PM) titanium alloys and prealloyed PM titanium alloys. It examines the tensile properties, fracture toughness, stress-corrosion threshold resistance, fatigue strength, crack propagation properties, and processing-microstructure-property relationships of these alloys. The article also reviews five considerations for powder process selection.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003046
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
...” in this Volume. Also, previous studies have related the material properties of adhesives to joining performance ( Ref 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ). Armstrong ( Ref 3 ), who did an extensive study relating adhesive properties to the lap shear performance of joints, expressed the need for standardized materials and more...
Abstract
Relatively limited effort has gone into developing repair processes and materials for composites, in contrast to the significant labor and expense that has gone into the development of these materials for numerous critical applications. As composites gain wider acceptance as aerospace materials, there is a need to understand the requirements of the end users regarding repair of these advanced materials. This article focuses on the repair of graphite-epoxy structures designed in a variety of forms for a wide range of load intensities. Five repair concepts developed for generic laminate repair have been validated in this article through the required environmental and load condition tests. These include bonded-scarf joint flush repair, double-scarf joint flush repair, blind-side banded-scarf repair, blind-side sandwich repair, and bonded external patch repair. A brief note on thermoplastic repair concepts is also provided in this article.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005619
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... surface changes with changing plastic strains. A nonlinear kinematic hardening rule proposed by Armstrong and Frederick ( Ref 48 ) has been used to capture nonlinear hardening behavior and the smooth transition from elastic to plastic deformation. The evolution of back stress tensor ( α...
Abstract
Ultrasonic welding (UW), as a solid-state joining process, uses an ultrasonic energy source and pressure to induce oscillating shears between the faying surfaces to produce metallurgical bonds between a wide range of metal sheets and wires. This article reviews the models of the ultrasonic welding with an emphasis on governing equations, material behavior, and heat generation of the process. It discusses the resulting factors, namely, vibration, friction, temperature, and plastic deformation as well as the bonding strength and its mechanism.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003456
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... and compression tests—ASTM D 3039 ( Ref 8 ), ASTM D 3410 ( Ref 9 ), SRM 1-88 ( Ref 10 ), and SRM 4-88 ( Ref 11 ). and (for bonded joints): Lap-shear test—ASTM D 3165 ( Ref 12 ) Boeing wedge test—ASTM D 3762 ( Ref 13 ) Postrepair NDI References References 1. Armstrong K.B...
Abstract
Maintainability is a function of the durability, damage tolerance, and repairability of a structure. This article discusses the configurations of composite structures, such as sandwich, stiffened-skin, and monolithic structures, used in commercial aircraft composites. It describes the considerations for maintainability of the composite structures during the conceptual design phase. Sources of the defects and damage, such as manufacturing defects and in-service defects, are reviewed. The article describes the nondestructive inspection methods that are used in the repair of composite structures to locate damage, characterize the extent of damage, and ensure post-repair quality. It lists suggestions that can be used as design guidelines for adhesive bonding, general composite structure, sandwich structure, material selection, and lightning-strike protection. The article also provides the basic considerations for personnel, facilities, and equipment during maintenance.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006971
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
..., and small ring testing. additive manufacturing materials shear punch testing small punch testing small ring testing ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (AM) is a process that has advanced significantly over the past 20 years due to its potential for considerable cost benefits in terms of lean manufacture...
Abstract
This article discusses several alternative mechanical test approaches that can be applied to additive manufacturing (AM) materials, both for smaller-scale assessments and for specimens that have been extracted from an AM component. This includes small punch testing, shear punch testing, and small ring testing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005519
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... sensitivity, and m the thermal softening behavior. Various authors have proposed variations of this basic equation to account for phenomena such as dynamic strain hardening (i.e., blue brittleness) in steels. Zerilli and Armstrong ( Ref 25 ) suggested an alternate formulation, based on dislocation...
Abstract
This article begins with information on the fundamentals of chip formation process and general considerations for the modeling and simulation of machining processes. It focuses on smaller-scale models that seek to characterize the workpiece/tool/chip interface and behaviors closely associated with that. The article describes the advantages and disadvantages of various finite-element modeling approaches, namely, transient models, continuous cutting model, steady-state model, hybrid model, two-dimensional models, and three-dimensional models. It discusses flow stress measurements using constitutive and inverse testing methods and reviews tool design for chip removal. The article explains the effect of tool geometry on burr formation and the effect of coatings on tool temperatures. It concludes with information on tool wear, which is an unavoidable effect of metal cutting.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003457
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... to a risk probability with associated inspectability and maintenance program, as well as to determine loads and design a part accordingly. One example of such a design process was that for Aerospatiale's ATR72 outer wing, certified in 1989 ( Ref 2 ). The field of reliability engineering has developed...
Abstract
This article provides non-proprietary and non-competition-sensitive information related to aircraft applications. It presents an overview of reliability and commonly used measurements. Failure modes that cause the negative performance are reviewed based on many types of sources. These include manufacturer service bulletins, reliability and customer service departments, literature reviews, demonstration programs, in-service evaluations, design guides, and surveys of commercial and military aircraft maintenance organizations. The article also describes lessons learned while attempting to avoid overlapping maintainability, reparability, and materials choice.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001349
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
.... , Vol 67 , 1988 , p 264-s to 270-s 20. Armstrong R. , Private communication and internal reports, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 1991 21. Metals Handbook , 9th ed. , Vol 2 , American Society for Metals , 1979 , p 204 – 209 ...
Abstract
Friction welding (FRW) is a solid-state welding process in which the heat for welding is produced by the relative motion of the two interfaces being joined. This article describes two principal FRW methods: direct-drive welding and inertia-drive welding. The direct-drive FRW uses a motor running at constant speed to input energy to the weld. The inertia-drive FRW uses the energy stored in a flywheel to input energy to the weld. The article summarizes some of the metals that have been joined by FRW and discusses the metallurgical considerations that govern the properties of the resulting weld. It also presents a schematic illustration of the effect of welding parameters on the finished weld nugget obtained when similar metals are welded using inertia-drive FRW equipment.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005575
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
.... , Friction Welding of Incompatible Materials , Weld. J. , Vol 67 , 1988 , p 264-s to 270-s 25. Armstrong R. , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, private communication and internal reports, 1991 26. Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals , Vol 2 , Metals...
Abstract
Friction welding (FRW) is a solid-state welding process in which the heat for welding is produced by the relative motion of the two interfaces being joined. This article provides an outline of the mechanisms of friction heating and discusses the two principal FRW methods: direct-drive welding and inertia-drive welding. It summarizes the similar and dissimilar metals that can be joined by FRW and discusses the metallurgical considerations that govern the properties of the resulting weld.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005610
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... of Electron Beam Welding Machines—Part 4: Measurement of Welding Speed,” ISO 14744-4, latest revision, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) , Geneva, Switzerland 19. Armstrong R.E. , Weld. J. , Vol 49 ( No. 8 ), 1970 , p 382s – 388s 20. Weidner C.W. and Shuler...
Abstract
The primary goal of quality control in electron beam (EB) welding is to consistently produce defect-free and structurally sound welds. This article discusses the common procedures for controlling the EB welding process, the control of the essential machine parameters, and the introduction of closed-loop controls and diagnostic feedback systems in the EB welding systems. It reviews the beam diagnostic tools that interrogate the beam to produce a reconstruction of the power density distribution and provide additional information on the size and shape of the EB. Knowledge of these beam parameters can be used to improve process understanding and control. The article also describes the application areas of beam diagnostics: machine characterization, weld parameter transfer, and weld quality control.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003458
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
...,” Abaris Training, Reno NV, 1998 • The Composite Materials Handbook—MIL-HDBK-17 , Technomic Publishing , 1999 . Also available on the Web at www.mil17.org • Armstrong K.B. and Barrett R.T. , Care and Repair of Advanced Composites , Society of Automotive Engineers , 1997 ...
Abstract
This article discusses three typical repair types for composite structures: temporary repairs, adhesively bonded repairs, and bolted repairs. It contains a table that lists general design requirements and considerations for the repair of composite structures. The article describes ten steps for an engineering repair approach to effectively restore structural integrity to damaged composite components. Management, validation and certification of repairs are also discussed. The article presents the design guidelines for analyzing the damage and possible strategies for making a repair. It reviews three repair schemes used in repair design analysis, namely, core replacement, adhesively bonded patch, and mechanically fastened patch. The article also emphasizes the various pitfalls and problems in repair design for composite structures.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003402
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Abstract This article provides information on the classification of various composites manufacturing processes based on similar transport processes. The composites manufacturing processes can be grouped into three categories: short-fiber suspension methods, squeeze flow methods, and porous...
Abstract
This article provides information on the classification of various composites manufacturing processes based on similar transport processes. The composites manufacturing processes can be grouped into three categories: short-fiber suspension methods, squeeze flow methods, and porous media methods. The article presents an overview of the modeling philosophy and approach that is useful in describing composite manufacturing processes.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003459
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... ( Farnborough, England ), 5–7 Sept 1994 , Society of Automotive Engineers, 1994 • Advances in Composite Repair , SAE TOPTEC ( Seattle, WA ), 1–2 Nov 1993 , Society of Automotive Engineers, 1993 • Armstrong K.B. and Barrett R.T. , Care and Repair of Advanced Composites , Society...
Abstract
This article begins with an overview of the various types of damage that take place in advanced composite components. These include holes and punctures, delaminations, disbonds, core and resin damage, and water intrusion. The article describes various damage detection techniques, such as visual inspection, tap testing, and ultrasonic inspection, in field conditions. Designing for repair involves various considerations including structure types and repair types. The types of repairs together with other issues surrounding advanced composite repair technology are discussed. The article also provides a discussion on the design considerations, instructions, and materials for repair. It explains various paint-removal methods for composites. The article concludes with a discussion on curing equipment such as portable repair systems, vacuum bags, and ovens and autoclaves.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003294
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... or intermediate strain rates, and many engineering applications require characterization of mechanical behavior under dynamic conditions. For example, strain rates ranging from 100 s −1 to more than 10 4 s −1 occur in many processes or events of practical importance, such as foreign object damage, explosive...
Abstract
This article reviews high strain rate compression and tension test methods with a focus on the general principles, advantages, and limitations of each test method. The compression test methods are cam plastometer test, drop tower compression test, the Hopkinson bar in compression, and rod impact (Taylor) test. The flyer plate impact test, expanding ring test, split-Hopkinson bar in tension, and a test using a rotating wheel used for high strain rate tension are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006888
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
... manufacturing (AM) process, is the main focus of this article. The characteristics of various stainless steels are described subsequently, and the categories that are of relevance to the biomedical industry are identified. The types of stainless steels covered are austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, duplex...
Abstract
Metallic alloys that are typically used for medical purposes include stainless steels, Ti-6Al-4V, and Co-Cr-Mo. This article discusses the relative merits of each of these alloys. The utilization of stainless steels in the biomedical industry, especially in relation to the additive manufacturing (AM) process, is the main focus of this article. The characteristics of various stainless steels are described subsequently, and the categories that are of relevance to the biomedical industry are identified. The types of stainless steels covered are austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, duplex, and precipitation-hardened stainless steels. The article discusses the potential benefits of AM for biomedical devices. It describes the types of AM processes for stainless steels, namely binder jet, directed-energy deposition, and laser powder-bed fusion. The article reviews the AM of austenitic, martensitic, and PH stainless steels for biomedical applications. In addition, the challenges and obstacles to the clinical use of AM parts are covered.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006854
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
...-Filament Fabrication 3D Printed PEEK for Dental and Cranio-Maxillofacial Implants , J. Clin. Med. , Vol 8 ( No. 6 ), 2019 10.3390/jcm8060771 46. Armstrong J.P. , Burke M. , Carter B.M. , Davis S.A. , and Perriman A.W. , 3D Bioprinting Using a Templated Porous Bioink...
Abstract
Due to its layer-by-layer process, 3D printing enables the formation of complex geometries using multiple materials. Three-dimensional printing for bone tissue engineering is called bioprinting and refers to the use of material-transfer processes for patterning and assembling biologically relevant materials, molecules, cells, tissues, and biodegradable biomaterials with a prescribed organization to accomplish one or more biological functions. Currently, 3D bioprinting constructs can be classified into two categories: acellular and cellular. This article introduces and discusses these two approaches based on the suitable materials for these constructs and the fabrication processes used to manufacture them. The materials are grouped into polymers, metals, and hydrogels. The article also summarizes the commonly used 3D printing techniques for these materials, as well as cell types used for various applications. Lastly, current challenges in tissue engineering are discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006574
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... with a discussion on the process fundamentals and process parameters of UAM. It then describes metallurgical aspects in UAM. The article provides a detailed description of a wide range of mechanical characterization techniques of UAM, namely tensile testing, peel testing, and pushpin testing. The article ends...
Abstract
Ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) is a solid-state hybrid manufacturing technique that leverages the principles of ultrasonic welding, mechanized tape layering, and computer numerical control (CNC) machining operations to create three-dimensional metal parts. This article begins with a discussion on the process fundamentals and process parameters of UAM. It then describes metallurgical aspects in UAM. The article provides a detailed description of a wide range of mechanical characterization techniques of UAM, namely tensile testing, peel testing, and pushpin testing. The article ends with information on sensor embedding.
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