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416
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Image
Published: 01 January 1986
Fig. 3 Examples of preferential detection in an AISI 416 stainless steel sample. (a) Live image. (b) Preferential detection of manganese sulfides (white). (c) Preferential detection of tempered martensite (white). (d) Preferential detection of δ-ferrite (white). Sample etched using Vilella's
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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 39 Martensitic microstructure of Project 70 416 stainless steel (Fe->0.15%C->0.15%S-13%Cr) in the wrought heat treated condition (approximately 98 HRB) tint etched with Beraha's CdS reagent. The white grains are delta ferrite, and the elongated gray particles are manganese sulfides
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Image
in Metallography and Microstructures of Stainless Steels and Maraging Steels[1]
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 4 Manganese sulfides (some chromium substitutes for manganese) in type 416 stainless steel
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Image
in Metallography and Microstructures of Stainless Steels and Maraging Steels[1]
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 43 Delta-ferrite and manganese sulfides in martensitic matrix of (a) 416 stainless steel etched with modified Fry's reagent and (b) 5F (modified 416) stainless steel etched with Ralph's reagent
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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 36 Examples of preferential detection in an AISI 416 stainless steel sample. (a) Live image. (b) Preferential detection of manganese sulfides (white). (c) Preferential detection of tempered martensite (white). (d) Preferential detection of δ-ferrite (white). Sample etched using Vilella's
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Image
Published: 01 January 1994
Fig. 8 Observable diffusion zone on the unetched (white) portion of an ion-nitrided 416 stainless steel. Nital etched. 500×
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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 32 Observable diffusion zone on the unetched (white) portion of an ion-nitrided 416 stainless steel. Nital etch. 500×
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Image
in Plasma (Ion) Nitriding and Nitrocarburizing of Steels
> Steel Heat Treating Fundamentals and Processes
Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 21 Observable diffusion zone on the unetched (white) portion of an ion-nitrided 416 stainless steel. Nital etched. Original magnification: 500×
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Image
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 416 TEM p-c replica of the fracture surface in Fig. 414 , showing a region 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) below the outer surface. The mixture of intergranular facets and dimples shown here is typical of some plane-strain fracture surfaces in AISI 4340 steel. 2100×
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Image
in Metallography and Microstructures of Stainless Steels and Maraging Steels[1]
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 47 Examples of annealed martensitic stainless steel microstructures. (a) 403 etched with 4% picral plus HCl. (b) Bushing-quality 416 etched with Vilella's reagent. (c) 420 etched with Ralph's reagent. (d) Trimrite etched with Vilella's reagent. (e) 440C etched with modified Fry's reagent
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Image
Published: 01 January 1987
elsewhere in the fracture surface. See also Fig. 415 , 416 , and 417 . 14×
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Image
Published: 01 June 2016
Fig. 8 Effect of aging temperature and time on yield strength for magnesium alloy AZ92A, which contains nominally 9Al-2Zn-0.2Sn. The alloy was solution heat treated by heating from 260 to 415 °C (500 to 780 °F) in 2 h, then holding for 24 h at 416 °C (780 °F), followed by air cooling to 25 °C
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Image
Published: 01 October 2014
Fig. 13 Effect of austenitizing and tempering temperatures on typical mechanical properties of type 416 martensitic stainless steel. Austenitized 30 min; oil quenched to 65 to 95 °C (150 to 200 °F); double stress relieved at 175 °C (350 °F) for 15 min and water quenched; tempered 2 h
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Image
Published: 01 October 2014
Fig. 18 Effect of austenitizing and tempering temperatures on impact toughness of martensitic stainless steels (a) type 410 (b) type 414 (c) of type 416 (d) type 420 (e) type 420 (f) type 431 (g) type 440C. After austenitizing as indicated, steels were oil quenched to 65 to 95 °C (150 to 200
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Image
Published: 01 January 1987
at a stress of 1103 MPa (160 ksi) during the final loading. Note the secondary crack (arrow) to the right of the crack origin (at center), representative of many that extended completely through the wall of the cylinder. See also Fig. 414 , 415 , 416 , and 417 . 2×
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 9 Microstructures of stainless steel bolts that failed from SCC. (a) Branched intergranular cracking in a type 410 stainless steel bolt from lot 1 (see Example 4 ). Etched with picral plus HCl. 250×. (b) Microstructure of a type 416 stainless steel bolt typical of those in lots 2 and 3
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Image
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 9 Microstructures of stainless steel bolts that failed from stress-corrosion cracking. (a) Branched intergranular cracking in a type 410 stainless steel bolt from lot 1 (see Example 4). Etched with picral plus HCl. Original magnification: 250×. (b) Microstructure of a type 416 stainless
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Published: 01 January 2005
treatment Solution treated and aged (a) (c) Mechanical properties (a) (d) Weight of forging 124.8 kg (275.2 lb) (e) Weight of finished part 82.4 kg (181.6 lb) (a) Plan area (approx) 2684 cm 2 (416 in. 2 ) (a) Parting line (f) Draft angle 0° (g) Minimum fillet radius
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0006000
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... 416 1.6562 E4340H 1.1141 1017 1.4006 410 1.6565 4340 1.1151 1023 1.4016 430 1.6565 4340H 1.1157 1039 1.4021 420 1.6755 4718 1.1158 1025 1.4024 403 1.6755 4718H 1.1165 1330 1.4057 431 1.7006 5140H 1.1165 1330H 1.4104 430F 1.7006 5150 1.1167 1335...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005985
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... 0.03 … 410 S41000 0.15 1.00 1.00 11.5–13.5 … 0.04 0.03 … 414 S41400 0.15 1.00 1.00 11.5–13.5 1.25–2.50 0.04 0.03 … 416 S41600 0.15 1.25 1.00 12.0–14.0 … 0.06 0.15 min 0.6 Mo (b) 416Se S41623 0.15 1.25 1.00 12.0–14.0 … 0.06 0.06 0.15 min Se 420...
Abstract
Martensitic stainless steels are the least corrosion-resistant of all stainless alloys. The traditional martensitic stainless steels are iron/chromium/carbon alloys, sometimes with a small amount of nickel and/or molybdenum. This article provides an overview on the influences of the various possible alloying elements on the key properties of martensitic stainless steels. It describes the various preparation processes, namely, atmosphere selection, cleaning, and preheating, prior to heat treatment for these steels. Common heat treatment methods include annealing, hardening, tempering, and stress relieving. The article lists the compositions of casting alloys and also describes the effect of tempering temperature on the hardness, strength, ductility, and toughness properties of the alloys.
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