This article begins with balance equations for mass, momentum, energy, and solute and the necessary boundary conditions for solving problems of interest in casting and solidification. The transport phenomena cover a vast range of length and time scales, from atomic dimensions up to macroscopic casting size and from nanoseconds for interface attachment kinetics to hours for casting solidification. The article describes how to determine which phenomena are most important at the particular length and time scale for the problem. It concludes with several examples of the application of transport phenomena in solidification, focusing on microstructure formation.

This article presents the damage tolerance criteria for military composite aircraft structures to safely operate the structures with initial defects or in-service damage. It describes the effects of defects, such as wrinkles in aircraft structures, and the reduction in compressive strength and tensile strength. The article reviews low velocity impacts in aircraft structures in terms of resin toughness, laminate thickness, specimen size and impactor mass, and post-impact fatigue. It explains the tension strength analysis, such as linear elastic fracture mechanics and R-curve methods, to predict the residual strength of the structures.

Friction welding (FRW) can be divided into two major process variations: direct-drive or continuous-drive FRW and inertia-drive FRW. This article describes direct-drive FRW variables such as rotational speed, duration of rotation, and axial force and inertia-drive FRW variables such as flywheel mass, rotational speed, and axial force. It lists the advantages and limitations of FRW and provides a brief description on categories of applications of FRW such as batch and jobbing work and mass production. A table of process parameters of direct-drive FRW systems relative to inertia-drive FRW systems is also provided.

This article is a compilation of property data for standard grades of wrought magnesium and cast magnesium alloys. Data are provided for mechanical, physical, thermal, and electrical properties. Valuable information is provided regarding the applications, chemical compositions, relevant specifications, fabrication characteristics and mass characteristics of each alloy.