Ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) have ability to withstand high temperatures and have superior damage tolerance over monolithic ceramics. This article describes important processing techniques for CMCs: cold pressing, sintering, hot pressing, reaction-bonding, directed oxidation, in situ chemical reaction techniques, sol-gel techniques, pyrolysis, polymer infiltration, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, and electrophoretic deposition. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are highlighted to provide a comprehensive understanding of the achievements and challenges that remain in this area.

This article focuses on the process methods and matrix chemistries of ceramic-matrix composites. These methods include pressure-assisted densification, chemical vapor infiltration, melt infiltration, polymer infiltration and pyrolysis, and sol-gel processing. The article discusses the use of a ceramic, preceramic, or metal phase as a fluid or vapor phase reactant to form the matrix. Emphasis is placed on microstructural features that influence ultimate composite properties.

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is useful in analyzing mixtures of organic compounds. This article commences with a description of the principles of mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. It provides information on the procedures of mass spectrum interpretation, and describes the experimental procedure of and sample preparation for GC/MS. The article also discusses complementary techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, and concludes with the applications of GC/MS.