This article provides a detailed discussion on heat treatment of titanium alloys such as alpha alloys, alpha-beta alloys, and beta and near-beta alloys. Common processes include stress-relief, annealing, solution treating, aging, quenching, and age hardening. It provides information on the effects of alloying elements on alpha/beta transformation. The article also discusses the heat treating procedures, and the furnaces used for heat treating titanium and titanium alloys.

Hardenable steels with high-alloy content includes a family of nickel-cobalt steels with high strength and high toughness. This article describes various heat treatments, namely, normalizing, annealing, hardening, tempering, stress relieving, overaging, quenching, refrigeration, and straightening treatment, applied to HP9-4-20, HP9-4-25, HP9-4-30, and HP9-4-45 steels. These steels have high fracture toughness when heat treated to very high strength levels. The article also describes heat treatments applied to other alloys such as AF 1410, AerMet 100, AerMet 310, and AerMet 340, which provide a good combination of high strength and toughness that make them attractive for aerospace application. It also presents tables that provide information on the effect of aging temperatures and heat treatment on mechanical properties and impact energy of these steels.

Bars, structural shapes, and long parts are straightened by bending, twisting, or stretching. This article describes the straightening of bars, shapes, and long parts by material displacement, heating, and presses. It explains the process of parallel-roll straightening, automatic press roll straightening, moving-insert straightening, parallel-rail straightening, and epicyclic straightening. The article concludes with a discussion on straightening in bar production.

Tubing of any cross-sectional shape can be straightened by using various equipment and techniques. This article provides a discussion on principal factors that influence the procedures and tooling of tube straightening. It describes the tooling and application of different types of tube straightening techniques, namely, press straightening, parallel-roll straightening, two-roll rotary straightening, multiple-roll rotary straightening, and ovalizing in rotary straighteners.

This article discusses the mechanics, surface preparation and principles of metal forming operations such as drawing, bending (draw bending, compression bending, roll bending, and stretch bending), spinning, and straightening of bars, tubes, wires, rods and structural shapes. The article also discusses the machines and tools, including dies and mandrels, and lubricants used for these metal forming operations.