Electron beam hardening (EBH), with some special characteristics in comparison to other heat treatment technologies, allows beam deflection frequencies of up to 100 kHz. This article illustrates the principles of different thermal electron beam technologies, including beam-deflection, continuous EB interaction, EB flash, as well as multifield EB-deflection and multiprocess techniques. It characterizes the technical and technological possibilities for EBH in comparison to other surface-layer hardening processes. The article also discusses the technical design of electron beam facilities and the applications of EBH.

This article discusses the fundamentals and applications of localized heat treating methods: induction hardening and tempering, laser surface transformation hardening, and electron-beam heat treatment. The article provides information about equipment and describes the selection of frequency, power, duration of heating, and coil design for induction hardening. The article also discusses the scope, application, methods, and operation of flame hardening.

This article reviews cleaning and finishing operations that have proven to be effective on titanium, its alloys, and semi-fabricated titanium products. It explains how to remove scale, tarnish films, grease, and other soils and how to achieve required finishes and/or improve wear and oxidation resistance through the use of polishing, buffing, and wire brushing operations. The article also covers a wide range of surface modification and coating processes, including ion implantation, diffusion, chemical and physical vapor deposition, plating, anodizing, and chemical conversion coatings as well as sprayed and sol-gel coatings and laser and electron-beam treatments.