This article provides a brief introduction to abrasive wear-resistant coating materials that contain a large amount of hard phases, such as borides, carbides, or carboborides. It describes some of the commonly used methods of producing thick wear-resistant coatings. The article also provides information on metal-matrix composites and cemented carbides. The three base-alloying concepts, including cobalt-, iron-, and nickel-base alloys used for wear-protection applications, are also described. The article compares the tribomechanical properties of the materials in a qualitative manner, thus allowing a rough materials selection for practitioners. It presents a brief discussion on hot isostatic pressing (HIP) cladding, sinter cladding, and manufacturing of thick wear-resistant coatings by extrusion or ring rolling. The article also discusses the processing sequence of thick wear-resistant coatings, namely, compound casting, deposition welding, and thermal spraying.

This article describes the technology of thermal spraying with regard to tribological applications. It introduces the basics of tribology and presents the fundamentals of thermal spraying and the relevant process variants and suitable materials. Specific application areas are described regarding the different forms of elementary movement in the corresponding tribological system. The article provides an overview of thermal spray coatings and possible uses for friction and wear control, besides operating as corrosion protection and a thermal barrier. The article provides examples that illustrate how tribological performance can be improved.

Rolling is the process of reducing the thickness or changing the cross section of a workpiece by compressive forces applied through a set of rolls. This article emphasizes flat rolling and illustrates basic flat-rolling process used to reduce the thickness of a rectangular cross section. It provides a discussion on hot rolling, cold rolling, and warm rolling, as well as lubrication in rolling. The article reviews the lubrication for iron-base and nickel-base materials, light metals, copper-base alloys, and titanium alloys. It discusses the wear mechanism in rolling: abrasion, adhesion, and fatigue, as well as oxidative and corrosive wear. Surface modification techniques, such as hardening by induction heat treating, weld overlay, thermal spray coating, coating via physical vapor deposition (PVD), and laser surface treatment, are also discussed for improving roll service life.

Coating of cast irons is done to improve appearance and resistance to degradation due to corrosion, erosion, and wear. This article describes inorganic coating methods commonly applied to cast irons. The coating methods include plating, hot dip coating, conversion coating, diffusion coating, cladding, porcelain enameling, and thermal spray. Organic coatings have a wide variety of properties, but their primary use is for corrosion resistance combined with a pleasing colored appearance. The article discusses the various types of organic coatings applied to cast irons. Practically any degree of smoothness or roughness and requirement for color and gloss can be filled by organic coatings. The article describes abrasive blast cleaning, abrasive waterjet cleaning and finishing, vibratory finishing, barrel finishing, and shot peening for processing iron castings.

This article describes some examples of the different welding processes for gray, ductile, and malleable irons. These processes include fusion welding, repair welding, shielded metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding, flux cored arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, submerged arc welding, oxyfuel welding, and braze welding. The article discusses various special techniques, such as groove-face grooving, studding, joint design modifications, and peening, for improving the strength of a weld or its fitness for service. The article describes other fusion welding methods such as electrical resistance welding and thermite welding. It reviews thermal spraying processes, such as flame spraying, arc spraying, and plasma spraying, of a cast iron.

This article provides a brief discussion on the common types of overlayers that can be used on a metal surface to protect it from corrosion. These overlayers include phosphate, chromate, and chromate-free conversion coatings; hot dip galvanizing; cementitious linings; glass and porcelain enamels; electroplating; thermal spray coatings; and rubber linings.

This article is a compilation of definition of the terms related to thermal spray coating technology.

Nuclear power plants benefit from thermal spray coatings for corrosion and erosion minimization and dimensional restoration of worn parts. This article provides a detailed discussion on the advantages of thermal spray coatings, fission reactor component coatings, and coatings for nuclear fuel processing before and after irradiation for power plant applications. Nuclear fusion research is divided into two primary fields of study categorized by the method for confining the fusion fuel: magnetic confinement fusion and inertial confinement fusion.

This article describes the process of selecting an optimum coating and material system for a specific application. It reviews critical coating functions that influence the coating selection process, and presents some application success stories. The article explores the benefits of thermal spray coatings and functions they provide. It also presents key references from various National Thermal Spray Conference, United Thermal Spray Conference, and International Thermal Spray Conference Proceedings from 2006 through 2012.

This article reviews the use of thermal spray polymer coatings as a replacement for paints. It discusses the applications of the thermal spray forming process. The article also provides information on the applications of thermal spray in metal processing, textile and plastics, and ceramic and glass manufacturing industries.

This article is a brief guide to information sources on thermal spray technology. The sources provided by ASM International and the Thermal Spray Society (TSS) include magazines and journals as well as reference books, including the ASM Handbook series, conference proceedings, newsletters, education courses, and videos. The article provides information on the specifications, standards, and quality control for coatings.

Thermal spray processes involve complete or partial melting of a feedstock material in a high-temperature flame, and propelling and depositing the material as a coating on a substrate. This article describes the properties of sprayed electronic materials, including dielectrics, conductors, and resistors, and discusses their implications and associated limitations for device applications and potential remedial measures. The article presents specific examples of electrical/electronic device applications, including electromagnetic interference/radio-frequency interference shielding, planar microwave devices, waveguide devices, sensing devices, solid oxide fuel cells, heating elements, electrodes for capacitors and other electrochemical devices.

This article presents a summary of the current and new materials and processing techniques for thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) and environmental barrier coatings (EBCs). Different thermal spraying and postspraying processing techniques are required to produce coatings with optimal performance. For TBCs and EBCs, the elastic modulus, mechanical strength, and toughness values are extremely important in predicting failure behavior under stress and strain conditions, mainly for modeling purposes. Sand and/or volcanic ash particles are molten in the hot zones of turbines and deposited over TBCs and EBCs. They form calcium-magnesium-aluminosilicate (CMAS) glassy deposits.

This article provides information on personal protective equipment (PPE), consistent with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Personal Protective Equipment Standard (29 CFR 1910.132-138). This standard is intended to protect individuals from the risk of injury by creating a barrier against workplace hazards. This article provides guidelines for establishing PPE programs with an overview of the responsibilities for employers, supervisors, and employees, assessing hazards associated with thermal spray operations, and training workers about PPE, as well as guidelines for selecting, using, and maintaining PPE. It presents an overview of eye, face, head, hand, foot, hearing, fall, and respiratory protection. Respiratory and hearing protection should be used in conjunction with industrial hygiene monitoring.

Risk assessments (RAs) must be customized to the specific workplaces and to the actual work being performed. It is performed to make the workers and their management aware of the hazards in the work environment, identify each risk in a methodical manner, and put in place a plan to mitigate the hazards. Information on risk assessment presented in this article provides a logical approach that can be taken to minimize risk and maximize thermal spray practitioners' safety. There are basically four steps to improving operational safety by using RAs: identifying the risks for each activity, rating the risk, putting in place the actions required to minimize risk, and reviewing and updating the RAs on a regular basis. The article presents two case studies to illustrate the concepts involved in RAs.

The use of thermal spray coatings to restore worn surfaces has provided a significant improvement in surface performance due to improved wear resistance. This article discusses the general use of thermal spray coatings in reducing predominant types of wear, namely, abrasive wear, erosive wear, adhesive wear, and surface fatigue.

Materials resulting from thermal spray processes are often different from their wrought, forged, and cast counterparts. Assessing the usefulness of thermal spray coatings requires understanding, developing, and using appropriate testing and characterization methods that are generally borrowed from other materials science disciplines. This article focuses on commonly used testing and characterization methods: metallography, image analysis, hardness, tensile adhesion testing, corrosion testing, x-ray diffraction, non-destructive testing, and powder characterization. It provides information on how the materials themselves respond to the various test methods. The article focuses on the test methods themselves, including those test parameters that can be varied and the influence of each on the results obtained.

Thermal spray is a generic term for a group of coating processes used to apply metallic, ceramic, cermet, and some polymeric coatings for a broad range of applications. This article provides a brief description of commercially important thermal spray processes, namely, powder-fed flame spray, wire- or rod-fed flame spray, electric arc spray, plasma arc spray, vacuum plasma spray, high-velocity oxyfuel spray, detonation gun deposition, and cold spray, and their advantages. It provides details on the microstructural characteristics of thermal spray coatings. The article also presents information on a wide variety of materials that can be thermal sprayed, such as metals, ceramics, intermetallics, composites, cermets, polymers, and functionally gradient materials. Tables are included, which list the thermal spray processes and coating properties of importance for various industrial applications.

This article focuses on coatings and overlays adopted for use as wear- and corrosion-resistant materials in oil sand processing. It describes the most common application processes for oil sand coatings and overlays, including welding, high-velocity oxyfuel thermal spray, laser cladding, and vacuum brazing. The article provides information on the selection of overlays and materials such as chromium-carbide-base overlays and tungsten carbide metal-matrix composites.

High-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF)-applied thermal spray coatings are viable candidates for replacement of hard chrome in numerous applications. HVOF thermal spraying can be used to deposit both metal alloy and cermet coatings that are dense and highly adherent to all the commonly used base metals in airframe structures. This article summarizes the results of materials and component testing. It also presents a cost/benefit analysis of HVOF WC/17Co and WC/10Co4Cr coatings on aircraft landing gear components.