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Physical vapor deposition
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006374
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
Abstract
This article focuses on friction and wear of automotive and aircraft brakes. It provides a comparison of friction and wear behaviors, frictional characteristics, and frictional performance of the friction materials. The article describes the components of brake friction materials and the classifications of brake lining materials. It discusses the effect of formulation compositions and manufacturing processes and the effect of braking operation conditions. The article provides information on aircraft brake linings, which operate under a wide range of kinetic energy conditions. The morphology effect of graphite on automotive brake drum and disk is explained. The article also describes the characteristics of specific wear rates for both normal and local cast iron in automotive brake drums and disk rotors. It provides information on noises, vibrations, and harshness caused by brake pads. The article concludes with information on physical and chemical testing of brakes and toxicity of brake formulation and regulations.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006420
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
Abstract
Boronizing is a case hardening process for metals to improve the wear life and galling resistance of metal surfaces. Boronizing can be carried out using several techniques. This article discusses the powder pack cementation process for carrying out boronizing. It describes the structures of boride layers in ferrous materials and boride-layer structures in nickel-base superalloys. The primary reason for boriding metals is to increase wear resistance against abrasion and erosion. The article reviews the wear resistance and coefficient of friction of boride layers, as well as galling resistance of borided surfaces. It concludes with a discussion on boronizing plus physical vapor deposition (PVD) overlay coating.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006417
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
Abstract
Tool steels are carbon, alloy, and high-speed steels that can be hardened and tempered to high hardness and strength values. This article discusses the classifications of commonly used tool steels: water-hardening tool steels, shock-resisting tool steels, cold-work tool steels, and hot-work tool steels. It describes four basic mechanisms of tool steel wear: abrasion, adhesion, corrosion, and contact fatigue wear. The article describes the factors to be considered in the selection of lubrication systems for tool steel applications. It also discusses the surface treatments for tool steels: carburizing, nitriding, ion or plasma nitriding, oxidation, boriding, plating, chemical vapor deposition, and physical vapor deposition. The article describes the properties of high-speed tool steels. It summarizes the important attributes required of dies and the properties of the various materials that make them suitable for particular applications. The article concludes by providing information on abrasive wear and grindability of powder metallurgy steels.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006422
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
Abstract
Rolling is the process of reducing the thickness or changing the cross section of a workpiece by compressive forces applied through a set of rolls. This article emphasizes flat rolling and illustrates basic flat-rolling process used to reduce the thickness of a rectangular cross section. It provides a discussion on hot rolling, cold rolling, and warm rolling, as well as lubrication in rolling. The article reviews the lubrication for iron-base and nickel-base materials, light metals, copper-base alloys, and titanium alloys. It discusses the wear mechanism in rolling: abrasion, adhesion, and fatigue, as well as oxidative and corrosive wear. Surface modification techniques, such as hardening by induction heat treating, weld overlay, thermal spray coating, coating via physical vapor deposition (PVD), and laser surface treatment, are also discussed for improving roll service life.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006436
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
Abstract
This article describes the surface modification treatments used to modify the tribological properties of titanium alloys. These include physical vapor deposition and thermochemical conversion treatments. The physical vapor deposition includes ion implantation, sputtering, evaporation, and ion plating surface modification treatments. The thermochemical conversion surface treatments include nitriding, carburizing, boriding, and solid lubrication.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005808
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
Abstract
Laser surface hardening is a noncontact process that provides a chemically inert and clean environment as well as flexible integration with operating systems. This article provides a brief discussion on the various conventional surface-modification techniques to enhance the surface and mechanical properties of ferrous and nonferrous alloys. The techniques are physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, sputtering, ion plating, electroplating, electroless plating, and displacement plating. The article describes five categories of laser surface modification, namely, laser surface heat treatment, laser surface melting such as skin melting or glazing, laser direct metal deposition such as cladding, alloying, and hardfacing, laser physical vapor deposition, and laser shock peening. The article provides detailed information on absorptivity, laser scanning technology, and thermokinetic phase transformations. It also describes the influence of cooling rate on laser heat treatment and the effect of processing parameters on temperature, microstructure, and case depth hardness.
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005707
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
Abstract
Coatings and other surface modifications are used for a variety of functional, economic, and aesthetic purposes. Two major applications of thermal spray coatings are for wear resistance and corrosion resistance. This article discusses thermal (surface hardening) and thermochemical (carburizing, nitriding, and boriding) surface modifications, electrochemical treatments (electroplating, and anodizing), chemical treatments (electroless plating, phosphating, and hot dip coating), hardfacing, and thermal spray processes. It provides information on chemical and physical vapor deposition techniques such as conventional CVD, laser-assisted CVD, cathodic arc deposition, molecular beam epitaxy, ion plating, and sputtering.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005148
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
Abstract
The selection of material for a drawing die is aimed at the production of the desired quality and quantity of parts with the least possible tooling cost per part. This article discusses the performance of a drawing die. It contains tables that list the lubricants used for deep drawing, and the typical materials for punches and blank holders. The article describes the typical causes of wear (galling) of deep-drawing tooling. It analyzes the selection of a harder and more wear-resistant material, the application of a surface coating such as chromium plating to the finished tools, and surface treatments such as carburizing or carbonitriding for low-alloy steels or nitriding or physical vapor deposition coating for tool steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003685
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
Abstract
Vapor-deposition processes fall into two major categories, namely, physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). This article describes major deposition processes such as sputtering, evaporation, ion plating, and CVD. The list of materials that can be vapor deposited is extensive and covers almost any coating requirement. The article provides a table of some corrosion-resistant vapor deposited materials. It concludes with an overview of the applications of CVD and PVD coatings and a discussion on coatings for graphite, the aluminum coating of steel, and alloy coatings for aircraft turbines, marine turbines, and industrial turbines.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003563
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
Abstract
A major cause of failure in components subjected to rolling or rolling/sliding contacts is contact fatigue. This article focuses on the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) performance and failure modes of overlay coatings such as those deposited by physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, and thermal spraying (TS). It provides a background to RCF in bearing steels in order to develop an understanding of failure modes in overlay coatings. The article describes the underpinning failure mechanisms of TiN and diamond-like carbon coatings. It presents an insight into the design considerations of coating-substrate material properties, coating thickness, and coating processes to combat RCF failure in TS coatings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003219
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
Abstract
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) coatings are harder than any metal and are used in applications that cannot tolerate even microscopic wear losses. This article describes the three most common PVD processes: thermal evaporation, sputtering, and ion plating. It also discusses ion implantation in the context of research and development applications.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002466
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
Abstract
Surface treatments are used in a variety of ways to improve the material properties of a component. This article provides information on surface treatments that improve service performance so that the design engineer may consider surface-engineered components as an alternative to more costly materials. It describes solidification surface treatments such as hot dip coatings, weld overlays, and thermal spray coatings. The article discusses deposition surface treatments such as electrochemical plating, chemical vapor deposition, and physical vapor deposition processes. It explains surface hardening and diffusion coatings such as carburizing, nitriding, and carbonitriding. The article also tabulates typical characteristics of carburizing, nitriding, and carbonitriding diffusion treatments.
Book
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.9781627081702
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001290
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
Abstract
Ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) refers to the process wherein evaporated atoms produced by physical vapor deposition are simultaneously struck by an independently generated flux of ions. This article discusses the energy utilization of this process. It describes the physical and chemical processes occurring at the film-vacuum interface during IBAD and dual-ion-beam sputtering with illustrations. The article also reviews the methods used for large-area, high-volume implementation of IBAD and the modes of film formation for IBAD. It contains a table that presents information on deposition and synthesis of inorganic compounds by IBAD and concludes with a discussion on the improved coating properties, advantages, limitations, and applications of IBAD.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001291
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
Abstract
This article describes the characteristics of continuous cathodic arc sources and filtering process for removing macroparticles from a cathodic arc. It provides information on the types of arc sources and the properties of deposited materials. The advantages, limitations, and applications of arc deposition are also discussed.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001311
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
Abstract
This article reviews cleaning and finishing operations that have proven to be effective on titanium, its alloys, and semi-fabricated titanium products. It explains how to remove scale, tarnish films, grease, and other soils and how to achieve required finishes and/or improve wear and oxidation resistance through the use of polishing, buffing, and wire brushing operations. The article also covers a wide range of surface modification and coating processes, including ion implantation, diffusion, chemical and physical vapor deposition, plating, anodizing, and chemical conversion coatings as well as sprayed and sol-gel coatings and laser and electron-beam treatments.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001320
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
Abstract
The classes of tool materials for machining operations are high-speed tool steels, carbides, cermets, ceramics, polycrystalline cubic boron nitrides, and polycrystalline diamonds. This article discusses the expanding role of surface engineering in increasing the manufacturing productivity of carbide, cermet, and ceramic cutting tool materials used in machining operations. The useful life of cutting tools may be limited by a variety of wear processes, such as crater wear, flank wear or abrasive wear, builtup edge, depth-of-cut notching, and thermal cracks. The article provides information on the applicable methods for surface engineering of cutting tools, namely, chemical vapor deposited (CVD) coatings, physical vapor deposited coatings, plasma-assisted CVD coatings, diamond coatings, and ion implantation.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001286
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
Abstract
This article describes eight stages of the atomistic film growth: vaporization of the material, transport of the material to the substrate, condensation and nucleation of the atoms, nuclei growth, interface formation, film growth, changes in structure during the deposition, and postdeposition changes. It also discusses the effects and causes of growth-related properties of films deposited by physical vapor deposition processes, including residual film stress, density, and adhesion.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001289
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
Abstract
This article begins with a list of the factors that influence the properties of physical vapor deposited films. It describes the steps involved in ion plating, namely, surface preparation, nucleation, interface formation, and film growth. The article discusses the factors influencing the properties of ion-plated films. The sources of potential applied on substrate surface, bombarding species, and depositing species are addressed. The article also provides information on the parameters that influence bombardment. It concludes with a discussion on the advantages, limitations, and applications of ion plating.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002124
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
Abstract
This article discusses the manufacturing steps and compositions of cemented carbides, as well as their microstructure, classifications, applications, and physical and mechanical properties. It provides information on new tool geometries, tailored substrates, and the application of thin and hard coatings to cemented carbides by chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition. The article also discusses tool wear mechanisms and the methods available for holding the carbide tool.