This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy, fabrication characteristics, mill-product specifications, processing effects on physical properties, and applications of high-strength alloy 2014. It contains tables that list values of tensile property limits for alloy 2014 flat product, rod, wire, bar, extrusions, and forgings.

This article focuses on nondestructive inspection of steel bars. The primary objective in the nondestructive inspection of steel bars and wire is to detect conditions in the material that may be detrimental to the satisfactory end use of the product. The article discusses various types of flaws encountered in the inspection of steel bars, including porosity, inclusions, scabs, cracks, seams, and laps. Inspection methods, such as magnetic-particle inspection. liquid penetrant inspection, ultrasonic inspection, and electromagnetic inspection, of steel bars are also described. The article provides a discussion on electromagnetic systems, eddy-current systems, and magnetic permeability systems for detection of flaws on steel bars. It concludes with a description of nondestructive inspection of steel billets.

Induction heating has the ability to concentrate the electromagnetic field and heat within a certain area of the workpiece. This article provides a detailed discussion on the end heating of bars, rods, and billets using solenoid inductors, oval inductors, and channel inductors. It reviews the importance of computer modeling in predicting the impact of different, interrelated, and nonlinear factors on the transitional and final thermal conditions of billets and bars. The article describes the most appropriate processes to improve end heating process effectiveness. Induction bending of narrow circumferential band of pipe or tube is also discussed. The article concludes with a discussion on stress relieving of pipe ends and welded areas.

This article is a compilation of best practices, materials, and techniques for the design and manufacture of modern induction forge coils. It presents the basics of induction coil design along with various design considerations, namely, copper tube selection, water flow considerations, and brazing and fabricating the copper coil winding for heating billets, bars, and slabs. The article describes refractory selection criteria and the methods of mounting and securing the induction coil winding, and presents general refractory installation guidelines for induction heating applications. It provides information on curing, form removal, dryout, and coil refractory seasoning. Wear rails that are designed to prevent damage to the coil refractory and subsequent coil winding are also discussed. The article concludes with a discussion on preventive maintenance practices for induction forging coils.

This article provides a rough estimate of the basic parameters, including coil efficiency, power, and frequency in induction heating of billets, rods, and bars. It focuses on the frequency selection for heating solid cylinders made of nonmagnetic metals, frequency selection when heating solid cylinders made from nonmagnetic alloys, and frequency selection when heating solid cylinders made from magnetic alloys. The article describes several design concepts that can be used for induction billet heating, namely, static heating and progressive/continuous heating. It presents the four major factors associated with the location and magnitude of subsurface overheating: frequency, refractory, final temperature, and power distribution along the heating line. The article summarizes the pros and cons of using a single power supply. It also reviews the design features of modular systems, and concludes with information on the temperature profile modeling software.

Normalizing of steel is a heat treating process that is often considered from both thermal processing and microstructural standpoints. In terms of thermal processing, normalizing is defined as heating of a ferrous alloy to a suitable temperature above the transformation range and then cooling it in air to a temperature substantially below the transformation range. This article provides information on the normalizing of carbon and alloy steels, and discusses the processes involved and the furnaces used in normalizing of steel forgings, bar and tubular products, and castings. It contains tables that list the typical normalizing temperatures for standard carbon and alloy steels and typical mechanical properties of selected carbon and alloy steels in hot-rolled, normalized, and annealed conditions.

Bars, structural shapes, and long parts are straightened by bending, twisting, or stretching. This article describes the straightening of bars, shapes, and long parts by material displacement, heating, and presses. It explains the process of parallel-roll straightening, automatic press roll straightening, moving-insert straightening, parallel-rail straightening, and epicyclic straightening. The article concludes with a discussion on straightening in bar production.

Stretch forming is the forming of sheet, bars, and rolled or extruded sections over a die or form block of the required shape while the workpiece is held in tension. This article discusses the applicability, advantages, and machines and accessories of stretch forming. It provides a detailed discussion on four methods of stretch forming, namely, stretch draw forming, stretch wrapping, compression forming, and radial draw forming.

This article discusses the mill products most often formed by the three-roll forming process. It schematically illustrates some of the shapes commonly produced from flat stock by the three-roll forming process. The article describes the two basic types of three-roll forming machines, namely, the pinch-roll type and the pyramid-roll type. It also lists the advantages of the pinch-roll machine, as compared to the pyramid-roll machine. The article analyzes the hot forming and cold forming processes for carbon or low alloy steel. It explains the procedure for forming truncated cones, bars, and bar sections by utilizing the pyramid-roll machine.

This article discusses the most important factors required for cutoff methods. It explains the operations of machines used for the punching, shearing, notching, or coping of plates, bars, and structural sections. The article describes the effects of the blade angle and speed on the shear blade life. It reviews the design requirements and best practices for the production of blades. The article compares double-cut dies with single-cut dies used for shearing of structural and bar shapes. The shearing of specific forms, such as angle iron and flat stock, is also discussed. The article describes the advantages of hydraulic bar and structural shears. It concludes with information on the principle and construction of impact cutoff machines.

Roll forging is a process for simultaneously reducing the cross-sectional area and changing the shape of heated bars, billets, or plates. This article provides an overview of the process capabilities, production techniques, machines and machine size selection considerations, and types of roll dies and auxiliary tools for the roll forging. It concludes with information on the production examples of roll forging.

Rotary swaging is an incremental metalworking process for reducing the cross-sectional area or otherwise changing the shape of bars, tubes, or wires by repeated radial blows with two or more dies. This article discusses the applicability of swaging and metal flow during swaging. It describes the types of rotary swaging machines, auxiliary tools, and swaging dies used for rotary swaging and the procedure for determining the side clearance in swaging dies. The article presents an overview of automated swaging machines and tube swaging, with and without a mandrel. It analyzes the effect of reduction, feed rate, die taper angle, surface contaminants, lubrication, and material response on swaging operation. The article discusses the applications for which swaging is the best method for producing a given shape, and compares swaging with alternative processes. It concludes with a discussion on special applications of swagging.

The drawing process, one of the oldest metal forming operations, allows excellent surface finishes and closely controlled dimensions to be obtained in long products that have constant cross sections. This article discusses the basic mechanics and preparation steps of drawing. It presents an overview of the processes, equipment, dies and die materials, and lubrication associated with drawing of rod, wire, bar, and tube. The article also provides a discussion on the design considerations and manufacturing of commercial superconducting multifilamentary conductors.

The primary objectives of the rolling process are to reduce the cross section of the incoming material while improving its properties and to obtain the desired section at the exit from the rolls. This article illustrates a rolling sequence for the fabrication of bars, shapes, and flat products from blooms, billets, and slabs. It describes two methods for shapes or sections: universal rolling and caliber rolling. The article provides information on two-high mills and three-high mills. Specialty mills for thin sheets, namely, the Sendzimir mill and planetary mill, are discussed. The article analyzes the components of a computer controlled system for high-speed mills. Steels and nonferrous materials are also discussed. The article concludes with information on the defects in flat, bar, or shaped products due to heating and rolling practices.

This article discusses the mechanics, surface preparation and principles of metal forming operations such as drawing, bending (draw bending, compression bending, roll bending, and stretch bending), spinning, and straightening of bars, tubes, wires, rods and structural shapes. The article also discusses the machines and tools, including dies and mandrels, and lubricants used for these metal forming operations.

Hot-rolled steel bars and other hot rolled steel shapes are produced from ingots, blooms, or billets converted from ingots, or from strand cast blooms and billets, and comprise a variety of sizes and cross sections. This article provides a brief discussion on mechanical properties, quality descriptors and chemical compositions of hot-rolled steel bars, cold-finished steel bars, steel wire rod and steel wire. It contains tables that provide size tolerances for cold-finished carbon steel bar and cold-finished alloy steel bar.

This article discusses the operating principles, types, and applications of shearing and slitting of different forms of steel, including plates, flat sheets, bars, coiled sheet and strips. In addition, it provides a detailed account of the cutting methods such as oxyfuel gas cutting, plasma arc cutting, oxygen arc cutting, laser beam cutting, and air carbon arc cutting and gouging, describing their process capabilities, equipment used, operating principles and parameters, and factors affecting their efficiency.

This article provides information on the classification, microstructure, castability and section sensitivity of gray iron. It describes properties of the test bar and provides a short note on fatigue limit in reversed bending. Although the ASTM size B test bar is the bar most commonly used for all gray irons from classes 20 to 60, ASTM A 48 provides a series of bar sizes, and the user can select the bar sizes that best approximates the cooling rate in the critical section of the casting.

Oxyfuel gas cutting (OFC) includes a group of cutting processes that use controlled chemical reactions to remove preheated metal by rapid oxidation in a stream of pure oxygen. This article provides a detailed discussion on the principles of operation and the process capabilities of OFC. In addition to providing information on the equipment used, the article describes the properties of fuel gases (acetylene, natural gas). It also presents an overview of the effect of OFC on base metal and explains the application of OFC in cutting thin, medium, and thick sections, bars, and structural and close-tolerance shapes.