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Bearing alloys
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Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0007029
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
Abstract
This article describes some of the underlying factors of tool steel and bearing steel fractures and appearances. It also briefly introduces the general types of cold work and hot work tool steels and their typical performance requirements. This includes the importance of microstructural conditions achieved with powder metallurgy (PM) tool steels and the need for steel “cleanliness,” especially in preventing contact fatigue in bearings or bending fatigue in gears.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006551
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
Abstract
Aluminum alloys are widely used in engineered components because of their excellent strength-to-weight ratio. Their use in applications requiring wear resistance is more limited. One of the main limitations of aluminum alloys is the poor tribological behavior mainly due to their relatively low hardness, which favors large plastic deformation under sliding conditions. This article discusses the classes and mechanisms of wear in aluminum-silicon alloys, aluminum-tin bearing alloys, and aluminum-matrix composites; describes the effect of material-related parameters on wear behavior of these alloys; and reviews their applications in a variety of tribological applications in the automotive industry ranging from aluminum-tin alloys for plain bearings to alloys with hard anodizing for machine elements. Methods to improve wear resistance and alloy hardness are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006393
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
Abstract
This article discusses the composition, properties and applications of bearing steels. It focuses on the typical wear modes that rolling-element bearings experience: contact fatigue wear, abrasive wear, adhesive wear, and corrosive wear. The article provides information on reliability factor and ABMA and ISO environmental factors.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005978
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
Abstract
The choice of heat treatment depends on the service requirements of a given bearing and how the bearing will be made. This article describes the design parameters, material characteristics required to sustain performance characteristics, metallurgical properties, and dimensional stability. It also provides a description of various extensively-used heat treatment processes, namely, carburizing, carbonitriding, induction surface hardening, and nitriding associated with various bearings. In addition, the article explores the factors to be considered in selecting a process and explains why it is optimum for a specific application.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005938
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
Abstract
Quench cracking is a brittle fracture phenomenon, and its occurrence depends not only on the stress changes but also on the mechanical characteristics of metals. Simulation of quenching processes has become possible in the analysis of quench cracking. This article commences with a discussion on the studies conducted to determine the origin of quench cracks, and then describes various test procedures for determining the susceptibility of quench cracking. It provides a description of the brittle fracture in terms of fracture mechanics and fracture toughness of quenched metals, and discusses the effects of impurities, hydrogen, and surface roughness on cracking. The article exemplifies simulation works applied to several successful cracking tests on cylindrical and complex-shaped steel parts.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005936
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
Abstract
In the case of steels, heat treatment plays a fundamental role because no other process step can manipulate the microstructure in order to fulfill such a wide variety of possible in-service conditions. This article addresses heat treatment with regard to hardening and subsequent tempering of steel components in order to optimize tribological properties. It focuses on the heat treatment of tempering and bearing steels and on volume changes that take place due to phase transformations. Plastic deformations that occur due to shrinking and phase transformation are also discussed. The article also describes the generation of thermal, transformation, and hardening residual stresses.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003818
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
Abstract
This article describes the allotropic modification and atmospheric corrosion of pure tin. Corrosion of pure tin due to oxidation reaction, and reaction with the other gases, water, acids, bases, and other liquid media, is discussed. The article provides information on corrosion behavior on soft solders, pewter, bearing alloys, tin-copper alloys, and tin-silver alloys. It reviews the influence of corrosion on immersion tin coating, tin-cadmium alloy coatings, tin-cobalt coatings, tin-copper coatings, tin-lead coatings, tin-nickel coatings, and tin-zinc coatings. The general properties and corrosion resistance of tinplate are summarized. The article also describes the methods of corrosion testing of coatings; these include an analysis of coating thickness measurements, porosity and rust resistance testing, solderability test, and specific special tests.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001809
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
Abstract
This article discusses the classification of sliding bearings and describes the major groups of soft metal bearing materials: babbitts, copper-lead bearing alloys, bronze, and aluminum alloys. It provides a discussion on the methods for fluid-film lubrication in bearings. The article presents the variables of interest for a rotating shaft and the load-carrying capacity and surface roughness of bearings. Grooves and depressions are often provided in bearing surfaces to supply or feed lubricant to the load-carrying regions. The article explains the effect of contaminants in bearings and presents the steps for failure analysis of sliding bearings. It also reviews the factors responsible for bearing failure with examples.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
Abstract
Rolling-element bearings, whether ball bearings or roller bearings with spherical, straight, or tapered rollers, are fabricated from a wide variety of steels. This article discusses the production process, characteristics, nominal compositions, and types of bearing steels. These include standard bearing steels, such as high-carbon bearing steels and carburizing bearing steels; and special-purpose bearing steels, such as high-temperature service bearing steels and corrosion-resistant bearing steels.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002376
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
Abstract
This article provides information on the nominal compositions of high-carbon bearing steels and carburizing bearing steels. It discusses the bearing fundamentals with emphasis on surface contact, stresses, and fatigue life of bearings. The article describes bearing life prediction using three factors, namely, reliability, material, and application. It analyzes the bearing damage modes and concludes with information on fatigue failure considerations.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002401
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
Abstract
The mechanism of contact fatigue can be understood in terms of several sources of stress concentration, or stress raisers, within the macroscopic Hertzian stress field. This article focuses primarily on rolling contact fatigue of hardened bearing steels. It discusses Hertzian shear stresses at and below the contact surfaces and briefly summarizes bearings and gear characteristics. The article provides an overview of the key types of gear and bearing steels. It analyzes two types of macropitting that result from the subsurface growth of fatigue cracks, namely, subsurface-origin macropitting and surface-origin macropitting. The article describes the factors influencing contact fatigue life of hardened steel bearings and gears, including hardness, inclusions, carbides, and residual stresses.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001024
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
Abstract
Bearing steels, which include high-carbon and low-carbon types, can be divided into service-based classes, such as normal service, high-temperature service, and service under corrosive conditions. This article discusses the importance of matching the hardenability and quenching of a bearing steel. It also discusses the typical microstructure of a high-carbon through-hardened bearing, and shows typical case and core microstructures in carburized bearing materials. Apart from a satisfactory microstructure, which is obtained through the proper combination of steel grade and heat treatment, the single most important factor in achieving high levels of rolling-contact fatigue life in bearings is the cleanliness, or freedom from harmful nonmetallic inclusions, of the steel. Alloy conservation and a more consistent heat-treating response are benefits of using specially designed bearing steels. The selection of a carburizing steel for a specific bearing section is based on the heat-treating practice of the producer, either direct quenching from carburizing or reheating for quenching, and on the characteristics of the quenching equipment.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001076
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
Abstract
Tin is produced from both primary and secondary sources. This article discusses the chemical compositions, production, properties, microstructure and applications of tin and tin alloys. The major tin alloys discussed here are tin-antimony-copper alloy (pewter), bearing alloy, solder alloy and other alloys containing traces of tin. Data on tin consumption in the United States is presented graphically.