This article focuses on friction stir welding (FSW), where frictional heating and displacement of the plastic material occurs by a rapidly rotating tool traversing the weld joint. Much of the research activity early on pertained to issues related to understanding the process, such as learning about material flow, heat generation, microstructure development, and many other fundamental issues. The article summarizes the results of the research, describing the aspects of how FSW actually accomplishes sound joints in metals without melting them. It discusses the FSW process variations and the practical aspects of heat generation. The article provides information on the effect of welding on material properties and typical alloys in FSW applications. The alloys include 6061 aluminum, 5083 aluminum, 2xxx aluminum, and 7xxx aluminum alloys. The article concludes with a discussion on FSW equipment.

Metals and alloy powders are used in welding, hardfacing, brazing, and soldering applications, which include hardface coatings, the manufacturing of welding stick electrodes and flux-cored wires, and additives in brazing pastes or creams. This article reviews these applications and the specific powder properties and characteristics they require.

This article describes the process applications, advantages, and limitations of resistance seam welding. The fundamentals of lap seam welding are also reviewed. The article details the types of seam welds, namely, lap seam welds and mash seam welds, and the processing equipment used for lap seam welding. The primary factors used to determine the selection of electrodes, including alloy type and wheel configuration, are reviewed. The article also describes weld quality and process control procedures.

Projection welding is a variation of resistance welding in which current flow is concentrated at the point of contact with a local geometric extension of one (or both) of the parts being welded. This article focuses on the process fundamentals, advantages, and limitations of projection welding and reviews the equipment used in the process. It discusses projection welding of copper and copper alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, and steels. The article provides several specifications and recommended weld schedules and practices for projection welding. It describes the embossed-projection welding of heavy-, intermediate-, and thin-gage sheet mild steel as well as the welds between dissimilar thickness joints. The article also considers the solid-projection welding of steels: annular, nut, and cross-wire projection configurations. It also details the various tests that can be used to validate projection weld quality.

Hybrid laser arc welding (HLAW) is a metal joining process that combines laser beam welding (LBW) and arc welding in the same weld pool. This article provides a discussion on the major process variables for two modes of operation of HLAW, namely, stabilization mode and penetration mode. The major process variables for either mode of operation include three sets of welding parameters: the variables for the independent LBW and gas metal arc welding processes and welding variables that are specific to the HLAW process. The article discusses the advantages, limitations, and applications of the HLAW and describes the major components and consumables used for HLAW. The components include the laser source, gas metal arc welding source, hybrid welding head, and motion system. The article also describes the typical sources of defects and safety concerns of HLAW.

This article describes the process features, advantages, limitations, and applications of the flux cored arc welding (FCAW) as well as the equipment used in the process. Base metals, namely, carbon and low-alloy steels, stainless steels, and nickel-base alloys, welded by the FCAW process are reviewed. The article illustrates the manufacturing process for the electrodes used in FCAW and outlines the classification of carbon and low-alloy steel, stainless steel, and nickel-base electrodes.

Resistance spot welding (RSW) is the most widely used joining technique for the assembly of sheet metal products. This article discusses the process description, evaluation methods, and applications of RSW. It describes the equipment needed for RSW and explicates the major functions of electrodes in RSW and effect of surface condition on the technique. The article concludes with information on the safety precautions to be followed during the welding process.

The gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process derives the heat for welding from an electric arc established between a tungsten electrode and the part to be welded. This article provides a discussion on the basic operation principles, advantages, disadvantages, limitations, and applications of the process. It describes the equipment used for GTAW, namely, power supplies, torch construction and electrodes, shielding gases, and filler metals as well as the GTAW welding procedures. The article concludes with a review of the safety precautions to avoid possible hazards during the GTAW process: electrical shock, fumes and gases, arc radiation, and fire and explosion.

Plasma gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is a process that can be defined as a combination of plasma arc welding (PAW) and GMAW within a single torch, where a filler wire is fed through the plasma nozzle orifice. Although originally referred to as plasma-MIG welding, the preferred term is plasma-GMAW. This article provides a detailed discussion on the operating procedures, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of GMAW and describes the equipment used in the plasma-GMAW.

Submerged arc welding (SAW) is suited for applications involving long, continuous welds. This article describes the operating principle, application, advantages, limitations, power source, equipment, and fluxes in SAW. It reviews three different types of electrodes manufactured for SAW: solid, cored, and strip. The article highlights the factors to be considered for controlling the welding process, including fit-up of work, travel speed, and flux depth. It also evaluates the defects that occur in SAW: lack of fusion, slag entrapment, solidification cracking, and hydrogen cracking. Finally, the article provides information on the safety measures to be followed in this process.

This article describes the process, advantages, limitations, applications, and equipment used for shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). It provides information on the types of electrodes, weld schedules, and welding procedures. The article explains the electrodes used in the SMAW process that have different compositions of core wire and a variety of flux-covering types and weights. It includes information on gravity and firecracker welding and discusses dry and wet types of underwater welding. Finally, the article reviews the safety considerations to be followed during SMAW.

Penetration-enhanced gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) processes have been referred to variously as flux tungsten inert gas (TIG), A-TIG, and GTAW with a penetration-enhancing compound. This article provides a discussion on the principles of operation, advantages, disadvantages, procedures, and applications of GTAW. It also includes information on the equipment used and health and safety issues associated with GTAW.

Properly designed beam-delivery optics is essential to quality of the beam acting on the workpiece and to the economics of the manufacturing process. This article describes the design considerations of laser beam delivery optics. It also reviews the manufacturing economics and presents two case studies of typical economic environments found in laser welding applications.

This article describes the significance of the three variables that affect the resistance spot welding process: welding current, electrode force, and welding time. It presents the effects of weld spacing and surface preparation on weld quality. The article elaborates the typical sequence of steps for determining the satisfactory conditions for spot welding and the mechanical aspects that affect this process. It considers the effects of process variables on the weld lobe. The article reviews surface preparation, part fit-up, electrode drives, weld parameters, and tests associated with seam welding. It concludes with a discussion on the welding equipment and other factors associated with resistance spot and seam welding.

Arc welding is one of several fusion processes for joining metals. This article introduces the fundamentals of arc welding and provides a summary of its history and early discoveries.

Flash welding, also called flash butt welding, is a resistance welding process in which a butt joint weld is produced by a flashing action and by the application of pressure. The flash welding process consists of preweld preparation, flashing, upsetting (forging), and postweld heat treatment. This article provides an overview of both flash welding and upset welding and describes the various process and failure origins of flash welding as well as the equipment used. It also explains the characteristics and advantages of solid-state upset welding.

This article introduces the operating principles and modes of operation for high-vacuum (EBW-HV), Medium-vacuum (EBW-MV), and nonvacuum (EBW-NV) electron beam welding. Equipment, process sequence, part preparation, process control, and weld geometry are described for electron beam welding. Advantages are described in terms of welding near heat sensitive components or materials and producing deep penetration or shallow welds with the same equipment.

This article discusses the operation principles, advantages, limitations, process parameters, consumables or electrodes, the equipment used, process variations, and safety considerations of gas metal arc welding (GMAW). It reviews the important variables of the GMAW process that affect weld penetration, bead shape, arc stability, productivity, and overall weld quality. These include welding consumables, equipment settings, and gun manipulation. The major components of a GMAW installation such as a welding gun, shielding gas supply, electrode feed unit, power source, and associated controls are discussed.

The friction surfacing process enables deposition of a wide variety of high-specification materials with an ideal metallurgical bond onto a range of metal substrates. This article provides a process description and discusses the equipment used for, and the applications of, friction surfacing.

Electroslag welding (ESW) involves high energy input relative to other welding processes, resulting generally in inferior mechanical properties and specifically in lower toughness of the heat-affected zone. Electrogas welding (EGW) is a method of gas metal or flux cored arc welding, wherein an external gas is supplied to shield the arc, and molding shoes are used to confine the molten weld metal for vertical-position welding. This article describes the fundamentals, temperature relations, consumables, metallurgical and chemical reactions, and process development of ESW. The problems, quality control, and process applications of ESW and EGW are also discussed.