This article describes the fundamentals of titanium metallographic sample preparation. Representative micrographs are presented for each class of titanium alloys, including unalloyed titanium, alpha alloys, alpha-beta alloys, and beta titanium alloys. The article provides information on the macroexamination and microexamination for these alloys. It concludes with a discussion on the several metallographic techniques developed for specific purposes, such as recrystallization studies and microstructure/fracture topography correlations.

This article describes the mechanisms involved in creating texture for various metal-fabrication processes, namely, solidification, deformation, recrystallization and grain growth, thin-film deposition, and imposition of external magnetic fields. It discusses two experimental and analytical approaches for experimental determination of texture: one using classical diffraction and pole figure measurement techniques and the other using individual orientation measurements. The article also provides information on microtexture, grain-boundary character, and texture gradients. It concludes with information on texture evolution through modeling.

Crystallographic texture measurement and analysis is an important tool for correlating material properties with microstructural features. This article describes the general approach to quantifying crystallographic texture, namely, the collection of statistical data from grain measurements and subsequent analysis based on Euler plots (i.e., pole figures), orientation distribution functions, and stereographic projections. Using detailed illustrations and examples, it explains the significance of preferred crystallographic orientations and their influence on properties and material behavior. The article also discusses sample selection and preparation as well as the challenges and limitations of various methods.