• George E. Totten, FASM

   Portland State University

• Andrew W. Batchelor

   Monash University

• Hong Liang

   Texas A&M University

• Christina Y.H. Lim

   National University of Singapore

• Seh Chun Lim

   Singapore University of Technology and Design

• Bojan Podgornik

   Institute of Metals and Technology

• Thomas W. Scharf

   University of North Texas

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   University of Twente

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   NASA Glenn Research Center

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• Oyelayo O. Ajayi

   Argonne National Laboratory

• Metin Akkök

   Middle East Technical University

• K. Anand

   GE Power

• H. Arabnejad

   University of Tulsa

• Masoud Atapour

   Isfahan University of Technology

• Ewa A. Bardasz

   ZUAL Associates in Lubrication LLC

• Andrew W. Batchelor

   Monash University

• V.M. Bedekar

   The Timken Company

• Michel Belin

   Ecole Centrale de Lyon

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   University of North Texas

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   Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena

• Patrice Berthod

   Institut Jean Lamour

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   Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

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   Blau Tribology Consulting

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   RWTH Aachen University

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   Universidad Industrial de Santander

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   Universidad Politécnica de Valencia

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   University of Twente

• Meherwan P. Boyce

   The Boyce Consultancy Group LLC

• Witold Brostow

   University of North Texas

• K.G. Budinski

   Bud Labs

• Michael Burkinshaw

   Cummins Turbo Technologies

• Sergio Tonini Button

   Universidade Estadual de Campinas

• Jerry Byers

   Cimcool Fluid Technology (Retired)

• Lorella Ceschini

   University of Bologna

• Margam Chandrasekaran

   Wise Consultants and Services Pte. Ltd.

• Lei Chen

   Southwest Jiaotong University

• Peter R.N. Childs

   Imperial College London

• Desmond Chong

   Singapore Institute of Technology

• Jian Huei Choo

   Singapore Institute of Technology

• Md. Asaduzzaman Chowdhury

   Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology

• Huseyin Cimenoglu

   Istanbul Technical University

• K.D. Clarke

   Colorado School of Mines

• Rachel Colbert

   Sandia National Laboratories

• Francesca Maria Cura

   Politecnico di Torino

• Patti Cusatis

   BASF

• Horst Czichos

   BHT Berlin, University of Applied Sciences

• Narendra B. Dahotre

   University of North Texas

• Wei Dai

   Texas A&M University

• Greg Dalton

   TribSys Inc.

• Patrick De Baets

   Ghent University

• Heidi de Villiers-Lovelock

   The Welding Institute

• Senad Dizdar

   Höganäs AB

• Kuniaki Dohda

   Northwestern University

• Gary Doll

   The University of Akron

• Michael T. Dugger

   Sandia National Laboratories

• Matevz Dular

   University of Ljubljana

• Pierre DuPont

   UMONS, Faculté Polytechnique de Mons

• Noam Eliaz

   Tel-Aviv University

• Robert Errichello

   Geartech

• Izhak Etsion

   Technion - Israel Institute of Technology

• Ryan D. Evans

   The Timken Company

• Dieter Fauconnier

   Ghent University

• Carlos M.C.G. Fernandes

   INEGI, Universidade do Porto

• H.R. Fischer

   TNO Technical Sciences

• Gareth Fish

   The Lubrizol Corporation

• G. Fisher

   InnoTech Alberta

• Marc Fivel

   Université Grenoble Alpes

• M. Hosseini Fouladi

   Taylor’s University

• Jean-Pierre Franc

   Université Grenoble Alpes

• Klaus Friedrich

   Technische Universität Kaiserslautern

• Allen J. Fuller, Jr.

   Amsted Rail Company, Inc.

• Tatsuya Funazuka

   Toyama University

• Anders Gåård

   Karlstad University

• Isaac Garbar

   Ben-Gurion University of the Negev

• Ignacio Garcia

   El Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalúrgicas

• Arash Ghabchi

   The Boeing Co.

• M. Ghassem

   Universiti Kebangsaan

• David Goncalves

   Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial

• Thomas Gradt

   Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)

• A. Ya. Grigoriev

   National Academy of Science of Belarus

• Janez Grum

   University of Ljubljana

• Paul Gümpel

   Hochschule Konstanz University of Applied Sciences

• Nikhil Gupta

   New York University

• C.H. Hager, Jr.

   The Timken Company

• Haley E. Hagg Lobland

   University of North Texas

• W.M. Hannon

   The Timken Company

• Liang Hao

   Xidian University

• Jens Hardell

   Luleå University of Technology

• Jason C. Harper

   Sandia National Laboratories

• Jeffrey Hawk

   National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE)

• Hooshang Heshmat

   Mohawk Innovative Technology, Inc.

• Harish Hirani

   IIT Delhi

   Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute

• Ken Hope

   Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP

• Lothar Hörl

   Stuttgart University

• Bo Hu

   North American Höganäs, Inc.

• Kalevi Huhtala

   Tampere University of Technology

• Ian Hutchings

   University of Cambridge

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   The Pennsylvania State University

• Mark J. Jackson

   Bonded Abrasive Group

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   AC2T Research GmbH

• Jack Jeswiet

   Queen’s University

• Liang Jiang

   Southwest Jiaotong University

• Zhengyi Jiang

   University of Wollongong

• Xin Jin

   Technische Universität Braunschweig

• P.M. Johns-Rahnejat

   Loughborough University

• David W. Johnson

   University of Dayton

• Sameehan S. Joshi

   University of North Texas

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   University of Ljubljana

• Guldem Kartal Sireli

   Istanbul Technical University

• Koji Kato

   Nihon University

• Toshiharu Kazama

   Muroran Institute of Technology

• Francis E. Kennedy, Jr.

   Dartmouth College

• Harman Khare

   University of Pennsylvania

• Neelima Khare

   Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

• Hyunok Kim

   EWI Forming Center

• Tim Königstein

   RWTH Aachen University

• Alekcander V. Kovalev

   Belarus National Academy of Sciences

• Suresh C. Kuiry

   Bruker Corporation

• Steven Lampman

   ASM International

• Thomas Larsen

   The Trelleborg Group

• Alain Le Bot

   École Centrale de Lyon

• Claudia Lenauer

   AC2T Research GmbH

• Dongyang Li

   University of Alberta

• Hong Liang

   Texas A&M University

• Christina Y.H. Lim

   National University of Singapore

• Seh Chun Lim

   Singapore University of Technology and Design

• Jianguo Lin

   Imperial College London

• Mari Lindgren

   Outotec Research Center

• Shuhai Liu

   China University of Petroleum

• Cinta Lorenzo-Martin

   Argonne National Laboratory

• James Lowrie

   North Carolina State University

• Piet M. Lugt

   University of Twente

• Numpon Mahayotsanun

   Khon Kaen University

• Joydeep Maity

   National Institute of Technology Durgapur

• Lasse Makkonen

   VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

• Darina Manova

   Leibniz Institute of Surface Modification

• Allan Matthews

   The University of Manchester

• Efstathios Meletis

   The University of Texas at Arlington

• Thomas Merkle

   Schmalenberger GmbH & Co.

• Donna Meyer

   The University of Rhode Island

• Dubravko Miljkovic

   Hrvatska Elektroprivreda

• Kazuhisa Miyoshi

   NASA (Retired)

• Jon-Erik Mogonye

   Army Research Laboratory

• M. Mohammadpour

   Loughborough University

• Sankar K. Mohan

   Magna Powertrain USA, Inc.

• Goutam Mohapatra

   John Deere India Private Ltd.

• Nikolai K. Myshkin

   Belarus National Academy of Sciences

• Shuhei Nagata

   Hitachi Ltd.

• Yoshitaka Nakanishi

   Kumamoto University

• S. Narayana Namasivayam

   Taylor’s University

• Gracious Ngaile

   North Carolina State University

• George K. Nikas

   KADMOS Engineering Ltd.

• M.J. Mohd Nor

   Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

• Mikael Olsson

   Dalarna University

• Mehmet Öte

   RWTH Aachen University

• Marcello Papini

   Ryerson University

• Howard W. Penrose

   MotorDoc LLC

• Jose M. Perez

   University of North Texas

• Bojan Podgornik

   Institute of Metals and Technology

• Braham Prakash

   Luleå University of Technology

• Tomasz Pronobis

   Berlin Institute of Technology

• Pandora Psyllaki

   Technological Educational Institute of Piraeus

• Linmao Qian

   Southwest Jiaotong University

• Bart Raeymaekers

   The University of Utah

• R. Rahmani

   Loughborough University

• H. Rahnejat

   Loughborough University

• Bernard Rolfe

   Deakin University

• E. Roliński

   Advanced Heat Treat Corp.

• A. Röttger

   Ruhr-Universitat Bochum

• Manish Roy

   Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory

• Natasha Sacks

   University of the Witwatersrand

• Pradip Saha

   The Boeing Company

• Satyam S. Sahay

   John Deere India Private Ltd.

• M. Abdul Samad

   King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals

• T.W. Scharf

   The University of North Texas

• Dirk Jan Schipper

   University of Twente

• Steven R. Schmid

   University of Notre Dame

• Tony L. Schmitz

   University of North Carolina at Charlotte

• Craig J. Schroeder

   Element Materials Technology

• J. Senatorski

   Institute of Precision Mechanics

• P.H. Shipway

   University of Nottingham

• Zakwan Skaf

   Cranfield University

• J.B.A.F. Smeulders

   Quaker Chemical Corp.

• Don Smolenski

   Evonik Oil Additives

• Igor Smurov

   Ecole Nationale d’Ingenieurs de Saint Etienne

• Soheil Solhjoo

   University of Groningen

• Gwidon Stachowiak

   Curtin University

• Karsten Stahl

   Technical University of Munich

• Malcolm Stanford

   NASA

• Tobias Steiner

   Robert Bosch GmbH

• Jacob Sukumaran

   Ghent University

• Ebru Emine Demirci Sukuroglu

   Gümüshane Üniversitesi

• M. Suliga

   Częstochowa University of Technology

• Hernán Svoboda

   University of Buenos Aires

• Jan Szczepaniak

   Industrial Institute of Agricultural Engineering

• J. Tacikowski

   Institute of Precision Mechanics

• W. Theisen

   Ruhr-Universitat Bochum

• Yu Tian

   Tsinghua University

• Viktor Tittel

   Slovak University of Technology

• Stefania Toschi

   University of Bologna

• Simon C. Tung

   Tung Innovation Technology Consulting Inc.

• Eckart Uhlmann

   Berlin Institute of Technology

• Emile van der Heide

   University of Twente

• W. Merlijn van Spengen

   Delft University of Technology

   Falco Systems BV

• C.J. Van Tyne

   Colorado School of Mines

• Paula Vettel

   Novvi, LLC

• Xiaohui Wang

   Chinese Academy of Sciences

• Frank Wardle

   UPM Ltd.

• Dongbin Wei

   University of Technology Sydney

• Wolfgang Wietheger

   RWTH Aachen University

• T. Wolfe

   InnoTech Alberta

• Victor W. Wong

   Massachusetts Institute of Technology

• Robert J.K. Wood

   University of Southampton

• Mathias Woydt

   BAM, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing

• L. Francis Xavier

   Karpagam University

• Wenzhen Xia

   University of Wollongong

• Huaping Xiao

   China University of Petroleum

• William G. Yelton

   Sandia National Laboratories

• Xiangqiong Zeng

   Chinese Academy of Sciences

• Zhiwei Zhang

   Romax Technology

• Hongmei Zhao

   The Lubrizol Corporation

• Lidong Zhao

   RWTH Aachen University

• Craig Zimmerman

   Bluewater Thermal Solutions

• Fatima Živić

   University of Kragujevac

• William E. Frazier

   President

   Naval Air Systems Command

• Frederick E. Schmidt

   Vice President

   Advanced Applied Services

• Jon D. Tirpak

   Immediate Past President

   ATI

• William T. Mahoney

   Managing Director

   ASM International

• Craig D. Clauser

   Treasurer

   CCECI

• Ellen Cerreta

   Los Alamos National Laboratory

• Kathryn Dannemann

   Southwest Research Institute

• Ryan M. Deacon

   United Technologies Research Center

• Larry D. Hanke

   Materials Evaluation and Engineering

• Roger A. Jones

   Solar Atmospheres Inc.

• Sudipta Seal

   University of Central Florida

• T.S. Sudarshan

   Materials Modification Inc.

• David B. Williams

   The Ohio State University

• John D. Wolodko

   University of Alberta

   Student Board Members

• Swetha Barkam

   University of Central Florida

• Allison E. Fraser

   Lehigh University

• Rachel Stewart

   Colorado School of Mines

• Alan P. Druschitz, Chair

   Virginia Tech

• Craig J. Schroeder, Vice Chair

   Element

• George Vander Voort, Immediate Past Chair

   Vander Voort Consulting LLC

• Craig D. Clauser, Board Liaison

   Craig Clauser Engineering Consulting

• John D. Wolodko, Board Liaison

   University of Alberta

• Sabit Ali

   National Bronze and Metals Inc.

• Kevin R. Anderson

   Mercury Marine

• Scott Beckwith

   SAMPE

• Narendra B. Dahotre

   University of North Texas

• Volker Heuer

   ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH

• Martin Jones

   Ford Motor Company

• Dana Medlin

   SEAL Laboratories

• Brett A. Miller

   IMR Metallurgical Services

• Erik M. Mueller

   National Transportation Safety Board

• Scott M. Olig

   U.S. Naval Research Lab

• Valery Rudnev

   Inductoheat Incorporated

• Satyam Suraj Sahay

   John Deere Technology Center India

• Jeffery S. Smith

   Material Processing Technology LLC

• Jaimie S. Tiley

   U.S. Air Force Research Lab

• George E. Totten

   G.E. Totten & Associates LLC

• Dustin A. Turnquist

   Spectrum Forensics LLC

• Junsheng Wang

   Kaiser Aluminum - Trentwood

• Charles V. White

   Kettering University

• Dehua Yang

   Ebatco

• Joseph Newkirk, Ex-Officio Member

   Missouri University of Science and Technology

• J.F. Harper

   (1923–1926) (Member 1923–1926)

• W.J. Merten

   (1927–1930) (Member 1923–1933)

• L.B. Case

   (1931–1933) (Member 1927–1933)

• C.H. Herty, Jr.

   (1934–1936) (Member 1930–1936)

• J.P. Gill

   (1937) (Member 1934–1937)

• R.L. Dowdell

   (1938–1939) (Member 1935–1939)

• G.V. Luerssen

   (1943–1947) (Member 1942–1947)

• J.B. Johnson

   (1948–1951) (Member 1944–1951)

• E.O. Dixon

   (1952–1954) (Member 1947–1955)

• N.E. Promisel

   (1955–1961) (Member 1954–1963)

• R.W.E. Leiter

   (1962–1963) (Member 1955–1958, 1960–1964)

• D.J. Wright

   (1964–1965) (Member 1959–1967)

• J.D. Graham

   (1966–1968) (Member 1961–1970)

• W.A. Stadtler

   (1969–1972) (Member 1962–1972)

• G.J. Shubat

   (1973–1975) (Member 1966–1975)

• R. Ward

   (1976–1978) (Member 1972–1978)

• G.N. Maniar

   (1979–1980) (Member 1974–1980)

• M.G.H. Wells

   (1981) (Member 1976–1981)

• J.L. McCall

   (1982) (Member 1977–1982)

• L.J. Korb

   (1983) (Member 1978–1983)

• T.D. Cooper

   (1984–1986) (Member 1981–1986)

• D.D. Huffman

   (1986–1990) (Member 1982–1991)

• D.L. Olson

   (1990–1992) (Member 1982–1992)

• R.J. Austin

   (1992–1994) (Member 1984–1985)

• W.L. Mankins

   (1994–1997) (Member 1989–2010)

• M.M. Gauthier

   (1997–1998) (Member 1990–2000)

• C.V. Darragh

   (1999–2002) (Member 1989–2011)

• Henry E. Fairman

   (2002–2004) (Member 1993–2006)

• Jeffrey A. Hawk

   (2004–2006) (Member 1997–2008)

• Larry D. Hanke

   (2006–2008) (Member 1994–2012)

• Kent L. Johnson

   (2008–2010 (Member 1999–2014)

• Craig D. Clauser

   (2010–2012) (Member 2005–2016)

• Joseph W. Newkirk

   (2012–2014) (Member 2005–)

• George Vander Voort

   (2014–2016) (Member 1997–)

ASM International staff who contributed to the development of the volume included Amy Nolan, Content Developer; Steve Lampman, Content Developer; Victoria Burt, Content Developer; Susan Sellers, Content Development and Business Coordinator; Madrid Tramble, Manager, Production; Patty Conti, Production Coordinator; Diane Whitelaw, Production Coordinator; Karen Marken, Senior Managing Editor; and Scott D. Henry, Senior Content Engineer. Editorial assistance was provided by Warren Haws, Ed Kubel, Heather Lampman, Lilla Ryan, Jo Hannah Leyda, Elizabeth Marquard, and Bonnie Sanders.