Credits Free

• T.E. Aaron

   Anocut, Inc.

• Gary Adams

   Cominco Metals

• John Agapiou

   General Motors Technical Center

• M.S. Ahmed

   Transfer Technology Limited (England)

• G. Albares

   Technical Consultant

• Tom Andrew

   Harper Company

• James A. Aris

   Rockwell International

• William N. Ault

   Norton Company

• A. Bagchi

   Ohio State University

• J. Gary Baldoni

   GTE Laboratories

• Moshe M. Barash

   Purdue University

• Carl Bartholed

   Reishauer Corporation

• Alan M. Bayer

   Teledyne Vasco

• Abdel E. Bayoumi

   Washington State University

• Bruce N. Beauchesne

   Laser Services, Inc.

• Bruce A. Becherer

   Teledyne Vasco

• Guy Bellows

   Metcut Research Associates Inc.

• Gary F. Benedict

   Allied-Signal Aerospace Company

   Garrett Engine Division

• R.C. Benn

   Inco Alloys International, Inc.

• E.O. Bennett

   University of Houston

• Michael Bess

   Aluminum Smelting & Refining Company, Inc.

   Certified Alloys Company

• Hugh Bettis

   DoAll Company

• J. Binns, Jr.

   Binns Machinery Products

• J. Binns, Sr.

   Binns Machinery Products

• J T. Black

   Auburn University

• Mark Bobert

   Technical Consultant

• J.F. Boland

   Rockwell International

• S.P. Boppana

   GTE Valenite

• F.W. Boulger

   Technical Consultant

• K. Brach

   General Electric Company

• J. Bradley

   Technical Consultant

• José R.T. Branco

   Colorado School of Mines

• R. Bratt

   Technical Consultant

• R.W. Breitzig

   INCO Alloys International

• James Brewer

   Fairfield Manufacturing Company

• Chris Brookes

   The University of Hull (England)

• S.T. Buljan

   GTE Laboratories

• Virgil Buraczynski

   Besley Products Corporation

• Stephen J. Burden

   GTE Valenite Corporation

• John H. Burness

   The Timken Company

• A.C. Carius

   General Electric Company

• Nick Cerwin

   A. Finkl & Sons, Inc.

• Harry E. Chandler

   ASM International

• S. Chandrasekar

   Purdue University

• Chao-Hwa Chang

   University of California, Los Angeles

• John D. Christopher

   Metcut Research Associates Inc.

• T.J. Clark

   General Electric Company

• Hilary A. Clouser

   Extrude Hone Corporation

• Joseph W. Coniglio

   Gould & Eberhardt Gear Machinery Corporations

• John Conlon

   Conlon Industries, Inc.

• S. Cook

   LTV Aerospace Company

• David Cunningham

   General Electric Superabrasives

• Richard Dabeck

   Coral Chemical Company

• Dilip Dalal

   The Cross Company

• J. Dalton

   Bardons & Oliver

• Timothy Danielson

   Chem Tronics, Inc.

• C.V. Darragh

   The Timken Company

• D.W. Davies

   BNF Metals Technology Centre (England)

• Warren J. Demery

   Sossner Tap & Tool Company

• Amedeo deRege

   Domfer Metal Powders Limited (Canada)

• Warren R. DeVries

   Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

• Kurt Dieme

   Reed Rolled Thread Die Company

• J. Dimitrious

   Pfauter-Maag Cutting Tools

• Phil Diskins

   DiCo Corporation

• Charles A. Divine, Jr.

   AL Tech Specialty Steel Corporation

• R. Dixon

   Crucible Specialty Metals

• Stephan Donelson

   Colorado School of Mines

• Carl J. Dorsch

   Crucible Materials Corporation

• Clifford E. Drake

   ENERPAC Group Applied Powers, Inc.

• W. Dresher

   International Copper Research Association

• D. Dykehouse

   Technical Consultant

• Robert P. Eichorst

   United Technologies

• Ahmad K. Elshennawy

   University of Central Florida

• Dana Elza

   Coherent General

• Phil Esserkaln

   Kempsmith Machining Company

• J. Richard Evans

   Dowty Canada Ltd. (Canada)

• John J. Fickers

   Los Alamos National Laboratory

• Michael Field

   Metcut Research Associates Inc.

• M.E. Finn

   Steltech Inc. (Canada)

• Thomas Fisher

   Surftran Division

   Robert Bosch Corporation

• Donald G. Flom

   Technical Consultant

• Thomas O. Floyd

   Seco-Carboloy

• John E. Foley

   S. Baird Corporation

• David Fordanick

   The Cross Company

• Paul Frederick

   Dow Chemical Company

• Howard Friedman

   Fotofabrication Corporation

• John E. Fuller

   Rockwell International

• Roland Galipeau

   ThermoBurr Canada (Canada)

• Douglas V. Gallagher

   Rockwell International

• Ramesh Gandhi

   Alliance Tool & Manufacturing Inc.

• Geoffrey Y. Gill

   Muskegon Tool Industries Inc.

• J. Ginsberg

   Photo Chemical Machining Institute

• M.A. Glandt

   Giddings & Lewis

• Claus G. Goetzel

   Technical Consultant

• F. Gorsler

   General Electric Company

• Leigh Gott

   Kearney & Trecker Corporation

• Dennis Grable

   The Cross Company

• Allan M. Grant

   Allan M. Grant & Associates

• Mikell P. Groover

   Lehigh University

• Walter W. Gruss

   Kyocera Feldmuehle, Inc.

• J. Gurland

   Brown University

• Clarence J. Hagstrom

   Lindmark Machine Works

• T.E. Hale

   Carboloy, Inc.

• James E. Hanafee

   Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

• R. Hanson

   Ferranti Sciaky, Inc.

• R.E. Hardesty

   Electrofusion Corporation

• S.M. Harrington

   Thomas & Betts Corporation

• Derek Hartell

   Cleerman Machine Tool, Inc.

• P.J. Heath

   De Beers Industrial Diamond Division (FTY) Ltd. (England)

• Barry Heller

   Teledyne Firth Sterling

• Gene Herron

   Metem Corporation

• Thomas Hill

   Speedsteel of New Jersey, Inc.

• R.M. Hooper

   University of Exeter (England)

• L. Houman

   Axon EDM, Inc.

• David J. Howell

   Roll-A-Matic, Inc.

• Fred Huscher

   Rockwell International Automotive Division

• Richard M. Jacobs

   Consultant Services Institute, Inc.

• J. Jackson

   Radian Corporation

• E.C. Jameson

   Transtec, Inc.

• Ernest Jerome

   Zagar Inc.

• Mark Johnson

   Tapmatic Corporation

• C.E. Johnston

   Flow Systems, Inc.

• K. Jones

   Tooling Systems Inc.

• John F. Kahles

   Metcut Research Associates Inc.

• Serope Kalpakjian

   Illinois Institute of Technology

• A. Karl

   Garrett Turbine

• K. Katbi

   GTE Valenite

• L. Alden Kendall

   Washington State University

• B. Klamecki

   University of Minnesota

• J.B. Kohls

   Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Sciences, Inc.

• Ranga Komanduri

   National Science Foundation

• Yoram Koren

   University of Michigan

• Ted Kosa

   Carpenter Technology Corporation

• William P. Koster

   Metcut Research Associates Inc.

• T. Kozinski

   Precision Art Coordinators

• James E. Krejci

   Keystone Threaded Products Division

• Theodore J. Krenzer

   The Gleason Works

   Gleason Company

• Gerald Kusar

   Ajax Manufacturing Company

• John B. Lambert

   Fansteel

• Eugene M. Langworthy

   Aerochem, Inc.

• L.K. Lauderbaugh

   Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

• J.A. Laverick

   The Timken Company

• Frank D. Leone

   Pitney Bowes, Inc.

• D. Levinson

   Taussig Associates, Inc.

• Terry L. Lievestro

   Lehr Precision, Inc.

• Richard P. Lindsay

   Norton Company

• Steven Lochmoeller

   Roton Products Inc.

• R. Luke

   DoAll Company

• Pel Lynah

   P. R. Hoffman Machine Products

• Gerald Makuh

   Weldon Tool Company

• Reza A. Maleki

   Moorhead State University

• Stephan Malkin

   University of Massachusetts at Amherst

• O. Masory

   Texas A&M University

• Larry Mayer

   TIMET

• Bob McLemore

   The Marquardt Company

• Alan McMechan

   McDonnell Douglas Canada (Canada)

• Pankaj K. Mehrotra

   Kennametal Inc.

• Fred Meyer

   Precitec Corporation

• Thomas W. McClure

   Balax Inc.

• W. Mihaichuk

   Eastern Alloys, Inc.

• James Millar

   Lapmaster Division of Crane Packing Company

• Brian Mitchell, Sr.

   General Broach and Engineering Company

• Walter R. Mohn

   Advanced Composite Materials Corporation

• Frank Moravcik

   The Cross Company

• Mary Moreland

   Bullen Ultrasonics Inc.

• Jonathon Morey

   Morey Machining Company

• R.A. Morley

   Reynolds Aluminum

• T.O. Morris

   Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc.

• David Moskowitz

   Technical Consultant

• Bill Murphy

   Rodeco Company

• Elliot S. Nachtman

   Tower Oil & Technology Company

• Steven J. Neter

   Peterson Precision Engineering Company

• M. Anthony Newton

   NItech, Inc.

• Ronald P. Ney

   Carpenter Technology Corporation

• Roger Nichting

   Colorado School of Mines

• P. Niessen

   University of Waterloo (Canada)

• Bernard North

   Kennametal Inc.

• Raymond J. Novotny

   Technical Consultant

• J. Padgett

   J.R. Padgett Associates

• Ralph Panfil

   Davenport Machine

• Jeffrey T. Paprocki

   Kearney & Trecker Corporation

• W. Neil Peters

   Corning Glass Works

• Robert E. Phillips

   Everite Machine Products Company

• R. Pierce

   Radian Corporation

• Kenneth E. Pinnow

   Crucible Metals Corporation

• Robert A. Powell

   Hoeganaes Corporation

• D. Powers

   Leybold Vacuum Systems, Inc.

• J. Prazniak

   The Timken Company

• Ralph E. Prescott

   Monarch Machine Tool Company

• Allen Queenen

   Kearney & Trecker Corporation

• S. Ramanath

   Norton Company

• V. Rangarajan

   Colorado School of Mines

• M.P. Ranson

   Inco Alloys International, Inc.

• James Reichman

   Kenworth Truck Company

• Lawrence J. Rhoades

   Extrude Hone Corporation

• C.E. Rodaitis

   The Timken Company

• Harvey W. Rohmiller

   Lodge & Shipley Division Manuflex Corporation

• Stuart Salmon

   Advanced Manufacturing Science & Technology

• Shyam K. Samanta

   National Science Foundation

• Ron Sanders

   Laserdyne

• A.T. Santhanam

   Kennametal Inc.

• K. Scheucher

   Modtech Corporation

• Ronald W. Schneider

   MG Industries

• Scott Schneier

   Regal Beloit Corporation

• Michael Shultz

   Wisconsin Drill Head Company

• R. Seely

   Corning Glass Works

• W.R. Sharpe

   Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories

• Chi-Hung Shen

   General Motors Technical Center

• T. Slawson

   Ridge Metals Inc.

• Ted A. Slezak

   Armstrong-Blum Manufacturing Company

• William M. Spurgeon

   University of Michigan—Dearborn

• D.R. Stashko

   GTE Valenite Corporation

• William Stasko

   Crucible Materials Corporation

• Larry E. Stockline

   PROMESS, Inc.

• Glenn E. Stork

   S.S. White Industrial Products Division of Pennwalt Corporation

• K. Subramanian

   Norton Company

• Lewis Sylvia

   Morse Cutting Tools

• D. Taylor

   Manufacturing Systems Extension Center

• R.A. Thompson

   General Electric Company

• Thomas Thompson

   Badger Meter Company

• P. Tierney

   Kennametal Inc.

• Jiri Tlusty

   University of Florida

• C. Treadwell

   Sonic-Mill Albuquerque

• J. Tulloch

   Wells Saw Division

• Charles I. Turner

   Kearney & Trecker Corporation

• William R. Tyrell

   Branson Ultrasonics Corporation

• A. Galip Ulsoy

   University of Michigan

• G.L. Van Arsdale

   Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories

• M.R. Van den Bergh

   Composites Specialties, Inc.

• Christopher Van De Motter

   The Ohio Broach & Machine Tool Company

• Philip A. Ventura

   The Cross Company

• Don Vick

   Ingersoll Milling Machine Company

• Craig E. Virkus

   Elliott Company

• R.J. von Gutfeld

   Thomas J. Watson Research Center

   International Business Machines

• Charles F. Walton

   Technical Consultant

• L. Walton

   Latrobe Steel Company

• I. Weber

   Technical Consultant

• R. Terrence Webster

   Teledyne Wah Chang Albany

• W.R. Welton

   Welton Rolled Thread Corporation

• Robert Werkema

   Technical Consultant

• Robert I. Werner

   R.D. Werner Company Inc.

• Gene White

   Coherent General

• Richard F. Williams

   Natco, Inc.

• M.L.H. Wise

   University of Birmingham (England)

• William Wonnacott

   Thread Grinding Service

• R.E. Wood

   Lockheed Aeronautical Systems Company

• Hiroshi Yaguchi

   Inland Steel Company

• Patrick Yeko

   ENERPAC Group Applied Powers, Inc.

• C. Zimmerman

   GTE Valenite

• Emory W. Zimmers, Jr.

   Lehigh University

• Richard K. Pitler

   President and Trustee

   Allegheny Ludlum Corporation (retired)

• Klaus M. Zwilsky

   Vice President and Trustee

   National Materials Advisory Board

   National Academy of Sciences

• William G. Wood

   Immediate Past President and Trustee

   Kolene Corporation

• Robert D. Halverstadt

   Treasurer

   AIMe Associates

• John V. Andrews

   Teledyne Allvac

• Edward R. Burrell

   Inco Alloys International, Inc.

• Stephen M. Copley

   University of Southern California

• H. Joseph Klein

   Haynes International, Inc.

• Gunvant N. Maniar

   Carpenter Technology Corporation

• Larry A. Morris

   Falconbridge Limited

• William E. Quist

   Boeing Commercial Airplane Company

• Charles Yaker

   Howmet Corporation

• Daniel S. Zamborsky

   Consultant

• Edward L. Langer

   Managing Director

   ASM International

• Dennis D. Huffman

   (Chairman 1986-; Member 1983-)

   The Timken Company

• Roger J. Austin (1984-)

   ABARIS

• Roy G. Baggerly (1987-)

   Kenworth Truck Company

• Robert J. Barnhurst (1988-)

   Noranda Research Centre

• Peter Beardmore (1986-)

   Ford Motor Company

• Hans Borstell (1988-)

   Grumman Aircraft Systems

• Gordon Bourland (1988-)

   LTV Aerospace and Defense Company

• Robert D. Caligiuri (1986-)

   Failure Analysis Associates

• Richard S. Cremisio (1986-)

   Rescorp International, Inc.

• Gerald P. Fritzke (1988-)

   Metallurgical Associates

• J. Ernesto Indacochea (1987-)

   University of Illinois at Chicago

• John B. Lambert (1988-)

   Fansteel Inc.

• James C. Leslie (1988-)

   Advanced Composites Products and Technology

• Eli Levy (1987-)

   The De Havilland Aircraft Company of Canada

• Arnold R. Marder (1987-)

   Lehigh University

• John E. Masters (1988-)

   American Cyanamid Company

• L.E. Roy Meade (1986-)

   Lockheed-Georgia Company

• Merrill L. Minges (1986-)

   Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories

• David V. Neff (1986-)

   Metaullics Systems

• Dean E. Orr (1988-)

   Orr Metallurgical Consulting Service, Inc.

• Ned W. Polan (1987-)

   Olin Corporation

• Paul E. Rempes (1986-)

   Williams International

• E. Scala (1986-)

   Cortland Cable Company, Inc.

• David A. Thomas (1986-)

   Lehigh University

• Kenneth P. Young (1988-)

   AMAX Research & Development

• R.S. Archer

   (1940–1942) (Member, 1937–1942)

• L.B. Case

   (1931–1933) (Member, 1927–1933)

• T.D. Cooper

   (1984–1986) (Member, 1981–1986)

• E.O. Dixon

   (1952–1954) (Member, 1947–1955)

• R.L. Dowdell

   (1938–1939) (Member, 1935–1939)

• J.P. Gill

   (1937) (Member, 1934–1937)

• J.D. Graham

   (1966–1968) (Member, 1961–1970)

• J.F. Harper

   (1923–1926) (Member, 1923–1926)

• C.H. Herty, Jr.

   (1934–1936) (Member, 1930–1936)

• J.B. Johnson

   (1948–1951) (Member, 1944–1951)

• L.J. Korb

   (1983) (Member, 1978–1983)

• R.W.E. Leiter

   (1962–1963) (Member, 1955–1958, 1960–1964)

• G.V. Luerssen

   (1943–1947) (Member, 1942–1947)

• G.N. Maniar

   (1979–1980) (Member, 1974–1980)

• J.L. McCall

   (1982) (Member, 1977–1982)

• W.J. Merten

   (1927–1930) (Member, 1923–1933)

• N.E. Promisel

   (1955–1961) (Member, 1954–1963)

• G.J. Shubat

   (1973–1975) (Member, 1966–1975)

• W.A. Stadtler

   (1969–1972) (Member, 1962–1972)

• R. Ward

   (1976–1978) (Member, 1972–1978)

• M.G.H. Wells

   (1981) (Member, 1976–1981)

• D.J. Wright

   (1964–1965) (Member, 1959–1967)

ASM International staff who contributed to the development of the Volume included Kathleen M. Mills, Manager of Editorial Operations; Joseph R. Davis, Senior Editor; Steven R. Lampman, Technical Editor; Theodore B. Zorc, Technical Editor; Heather J. Frissell, Editorial Supervisor; George M. Crankovic, Assistant Editor; Alice W. Ronke, Assistant Editor; Karen Lynn O'Keefe, Word Processing Specialist; and Jeanne Patitsas, Word Processing Specialist. Editorial assistance was provided by Lois A. Abel, Robert T. Kiepura, Penelope Thomas, and Nikki D. Wheaton. The Volume was prepared under the direction of Robert L. Stedfeld, Director of Reference Publications.

ASM Handbook, Volume 16, Machining was converted to electronic files in 1999. The conversion was based on the third printing (1997). No substantive changes were made to the content of the Volume, but some minor corrections and clarifications were made as needed.

ASM International staff who contributed to the conversion of the Volume included Sally Fahrenholz-Mann, Bonnie Sanders, Marlene Seuffert, Gayle Kalman, Scott Henry, Robert Braddock, Alexandra Hoskins, and Erika Baxter. The electronic version was prepared under the direction of William W. Scott, Jr., Technical Director, and Michael J. DeHaemer, Managing Director.